Preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Examination is not merely a test of knowledge—it’s a journey that demands depth of understanding, precision in expression, and conceptual clarity across disciplines. With an evolving syllabus that spans from ancient history to artificial intelligence, mastering the language of governance, policy, economy, and ethics becomes absolutely essential.

It’s not uncommon for aspirants to be tripped up by terms like “zero-based budgeting,” “quorum,” “adjournment motion,” “xenophobia,” or “geo-strategic positioning.” These aren’t just fancy words—they’re functional concepts that appear in UPSC Prelims MCQs, Mains analytical essays, and Interview panel discussions. The exam tests how well you understand and apply such terms in real-world scenarios, not just how well you can memorize them.

To bridge this learning gap, we bring you the A to Z UPSC Glossary a meticulously curated collection of essential terms, phrases, abbreviations, and conceptual keywords encountered throughout the UPSC preparation journey. This glossary acts as both a quick reference guide and a deeper learning tool, helping aspirants decode complex language and build confidence in their comprehension.

Each entry in this glossary is crafted to be brief yet comprehensive, written in simple language to enhance retention while covering the academic rigor expected in UPSC answers. Whether you’re revising key constitutional concepts, struggling with economic jargon, brushing up on environmental laws, or prepping for ethics case studies, this glossary will help you understand not just what a term means, but why it matters.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter A

Act

A formal written law passed by a legislative body (e.g., Parliament or State Legislature). Example: Right to Education Act, 2009.

Adjournment Motion

A parliamentary procedure used to draw attention to a definite matter of urgent public importance by suspending normal business.

Administrative Law

A branch of public law that deals with rules governing the activities of administrative agencies of the government.

Administrative Tribunal

Specialized government bodies established to adjudicate disputes related to administrative or service matters. Example: Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT).

Advisory Jurisdiction

The power of the President to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on questions of law or fact under Article 143 of the Indian Constitution.

Affidavit

A written statement sworn on oath, used as evidence in court or administrative matters.

Affirmative Action

Measures taken by the state to improve the conditions of historically disadvantaged groups. Example: Reservation policies.

Agrarian Reform

Government initiatives aimed at redistributing agricultural land and improving conditions for farmers. Example: Land Ceiling Acts.

All India Services

Services common to both the Union and the States such as IAS, IPS, and IFS. Officers are recruited by the Union and can be posted anywhere in India.

Allegiance

Loyalty or commitment to the Constitution and the laws of the nation, expected from civil servants.

Amendment

A change or addition made to the Constitution or a statute. Example: 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.

Amicus Curiae

A person or group who is not a party to a case but offers information or expertise to assist the court.

Anarchism

A political ideology that seeks to abolish all forms of governmental authority.

Annual Financial Statement

Also known as the Union Budget, presented under Article 112 of the Constitution, outlining government’s revenue and expenditure.

Anticipatory Bail

A legal provision under Section 438 of the CrPC allowing a person to seek bail before arrest.

Appeal

A legal process through which a higher court is requested to review and change the decision of a lower court.

Appellate Jurisdiction

The authority of a court to review and revise decisions made by lower courts.

Appropriation Bill

A bill introduced in Parliament to authorize government expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.

Arbitration

A form of dispute resolution outside courts, where a neutral third party gives a binding decision.

Article

A specific provision or section within the Indian Constitution. Example: Article 370, Article 21.

Ashoka Mehta Committee

A committee (1977) that recommended a two-tier Panchayati Raj system and was crucial in shaping decentralization reforms.

Asset Declaration

The requirement for public officials and election candidates to disclose their income, assets, and liabilities.

Assent

The approval given by the President or Governor to a bill passed by the legislature, making it a law.

Asylum

Protection granted to foreign nationals fleeing persecution, under international and humanitarian norms.

Attorney General of India

The chief legal advisor to the Government of India under Article 76 of the Constitution.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter B

Bail

Temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes with conditions such as providing a surety or bond.

Balance of Payments (BoP)

A record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period.

Balance of Trade (BoT)

The difference between the value of a country’s exports and imports of goods. A component of BoP.

Bank Rate

The interest rate at which the RBI lends long-term funds to commercial banks, used as a monetary policy tool.

Banking Ombudsman

A quasi-judicial authority set up by the RBI to resolve customer complaints against banks.

Basic Structure Doctrine

A judicial principle that certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be altered or destroyed through amendments. Propounded in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973).

Bharat Ratna

The highest civilian award in India, given for exceptional service in any field of human endeavor.

Bicameral Legislature

A legislature with two houses or chambers. Example: Indian Parliament (Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha).

Bill

A proposal for a new law or an amendment to existing laws, which becomes an Act once passed by the legislature and assented by the President or Governor.

Biological Diversity Act, 2002

Legislation enacted to conserve biological diversity and ensure fair sharing of benefits arising from the use of biological resources.

Black Money

Income or wealth not reported to tax authorities, often earned through illegal means and not included in the official economy.

Block Development Officer (BDO)

A government official who oversees the implementation of development schemes and rural programs at the block level.

Blue Economy

The sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs, while preserving the health of ocean ecosystems.

Bond

A financial instrument representing a loan made by an investor to a borrower, often used by governments to raise money.

Budget

An annual financial statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the government, presented under Article 112 of the Indian Constitution.

Budget Deficit

The shortfall when a government’s total expenditure exceeds its total revenue (excluding borrowings).

Buffer Stock

Reserve of essential commodities maintained by the government (e.g., food grains) to stabilize prices and ensure food security.

By-Election (Bye-Election)

An election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between general elections.

Bylaw

A rule or law established by an organization or local authority to regulate itself or its jurisdiction.

Backward Classes

Socially and educationally disadvantaged groups in India identified for the purpose of affirmative action and reservations.

Binding Precedent

A legal principle established by a higher court that lower courts are obligated to follow.

Business Correspondent Model

A financial inclusion initiative where banks use third-party agents to offer banking services in rural and remote areas.

Bureaucracy

A system of administration characterized by hierarchical structure, fixed rules, and a professional civil service.

Benchmarking

The practice of comparing business processes or performance metrics to industry best practices or standards.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter C

Cabinet

The highest decision-making body of the executive, comprising senior ministers headed by the Prime Minister.

Cabinet Committee

Sub-committees within the Cabinet that deal with specific areas like security, economic affairs, and political affairs. Example: Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA).

Cadre

A permanent group of civil servants under the control of the Union or a State Government. Example: IAS Cadre Allocation.

Capital Expenditure

Government spending on asset creation like infrastructure, buildings, equipment, etc., which contributes to future production.

Capital Punishment

The death penalty awarded by the court of law for serious crimes, like terrorism or rarest-of-rare murder cases.

Caste Census

A survey or enumeration that records the caste identities of people to better understand socio-economic disparities.

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)

The premier investigating agency in India dealing with corruption, major crimes, and national interest cases.

Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)

An autonomous body created to monitor and advise government authorities on corruption-related issues in the public sector.

Census

A decennial exercise to collect population data across various demographic, social, and economic parameters. Conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.

Certificate of Incorporation

A legal document issued to a company upon its formation, proving its existence as a corporate entity.

Chief Election Commissioner (CEC)

The head of the Election Commission of India, responsible for administering free and fair elections.

Chief Minister (CM)

The elected head of a state government in India.

Citizenship

The status of being a legal member of a country, defined in Articles 5 to 11 of the Indian Constitution.

Civil Disobedience

A non-violent movement to resist unjust laws, prominently used by Mahatma Gandhi during the freedom struggle.

Civil Services

The permanent administrative machinery of the government. It includes All India Services, Central Services, and State Services.

Civil Society

Non-governmental organizations and institutions representing citizens’ interests in public affairs, such as NGOs, media, trade unions, etc.

Code of Conduct

A set of guidelines outlining the expected ethical and professional behavior of public officials and politicians.

Collegium System

A system where appointments and transfers of judges in the higher judiciary are decided by a group of senior judges.

Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)

An independent constitutional authority responsible for auditing the receipts and expenditure of the government.

Consolidated Fund of India

The chief fund of the Government of India into which all receipts are credited and from which all expenditures are made.

Constitutional Amendment

A formal change or addition made to the Constitution, governed by Article 368.

Constitutional Morality

Adherence to the core principles of the Constitution such as rule of law, equality, justice, and liberty.

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

A measure of inflation that tracks changes in the price level of a basket of consumer goods and services.

Contempt of Court

Disobedience or disrespect towards the court of law or its proceedings, punishable by fine or imprisonment.

Cooperative Federalism

A governance model where the Centre and the States work collaboratively for development. Promoted by NITI Aayog.

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

An index released by Transparency International that ranks countries by perceived levels of public sector corruption.

Criminal Justice System

The legal system for adjudicating crimes, which includes police, judiciary, and corrections.

Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC)

The code that outlines the procedure for conducting criminal trials in India.

Crop Insurance

A risk management tool that protects farmers against losses due to crop failure. Example: PM Fasal Bima Yojana.

Customs Duty

Tax imposed on the import and export of goods, regulated by the Customs Act, 1962.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter D

Dalit

A term used to describe members of the Scheduled Castes (SCs) who have historically faced social discrimination. Constitutionally protected under affirmative action policies.

Debt-to-GDP Ratio

A measure comparing a country’s public debt to its gross domestic product (GDP). Indicates a government’s ability to repay its debts.

Decentralization

Transfer of authority and responsibility from central to local governments or institutions. Promoted via the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments.

Defamation

The act of damaging someone’s reputation through false statements. Can be civil or criminal in India.

Deficit Financing

The practice of funding government expenditure by borrowing rather than taxation, often leading to inflationary pressure.

Delegated Legislation

Law made by an executive authority under powers given by a primary legislation (Act of Parliament).

Delimitation

The act of redrawing boundaries of electoral constituencies based on population data, typically after a Census.

Demand for Grants

A proposal made by a ministry seeking the allocation of funds from the Consolidated Fund of India, voted upon in the Lok Sabha.

Democracy

A form of government where the people elect representatives. India follows a parliamentary democracy.

Demographic Dividend

Economic benefit that can result from a population with a high proportion of working-age individuals.

Departmentally Related Standing Committees (DRSCs)

Parliamentary committees to examine budgetary allocations, policies, and legislation related to specific ministries.

Deputy Speaker

An elected official in the Lok Sabha or State Assembly who presides in the absence of the Speaker.

Descriptive Questions

In the context of UPSC exams, these are long-answer questions requiring detailed explanation, unlike objective or MCQs.

Devaluation

A deliberate reduction in the value of a country’s currency with respect to other currencies, often to boost exports.

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs)

Guidelines under Part IV of the Constitution that direct the State to establish a just society, though not enforceable by law.

Disaster Management Act, 2005

Law that provides a legal framework for disaster preparedness, response, and mitigation in India.

Disinvestment

The process of selling or liquidating the government’s share in public sector undertakings (PSUs).

District Collector

The top administrative officer of a district responsible for revenue collection, law and order, and development programs.

Doctrine of Basic Structure

A judicial principle that certain fundamental aspects of the Constitution cannot be amended by Parliament.

Doctrine of Lapse

A policy during British rule whereby princely states without a male heir were annexed by the East India Company.

Doctrine of Separation of Powers

The principle that the legislative, executive, and judiciary functions of government should remain separate and independent.

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)

A treaty between two or more countries to avoid taxing the same income twice.

Draft Constitution

The preliminary version of the Constitution of India prepared by the Drafting Committee under Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Drafting Committee

The committee of the Constituent Assembly responsible for drafting the Constitution of India (1947–49).

Dual Citizenship

Not allowed in India. Indian Constitution allows only single citizenship at the national level.

Dumping

Selling goods in a foreign market at a price lower than their cost to gain market share, often considered unfair trade practice.

Durand Line

The boundary demarcation between India (now India-Pakistan border) and Afghanistan drawn during British India in 1893.

Duties

Obligations listed under Article 51A of the Constitution as Fundamental Duties of every Indian citizen.

Drought

A natural disaster caused by insufficient rainfall affecting agriculture, water supply, and livelihoods. Managed under drought relief programs.

Domicile

Legal residence of a person which determines eligibility for certain state-level jobs or educational quotas.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter E

E-Governance

Use of information and communication technology (ICT) for delivering government services efficiently, transparently, and inclusively.

Economic Growth

An increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over time, usually measured by the rise in Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Economic Development

Broader than economic growth—it includes improvement in living standards, poverty reduction, employment generation, and income equality.

Economically Weaker Section (EWS)

A category of people with income below a certain threshold, eligible for 10% reservation in education and jobs (as per the 103rd Constitutional Amendment).

Ecology

The study of relationships between living organisms and their environment—important in environmental governance and biodiversity.

Election Commission of India (ECI)

A constitutional body under Article 324 responsible for conducting free and fair elections to the Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President.

Electoral Bond

A financial instrument introduced to enable political donations through banking channels while maintaining donor anonymity.

Electorate

The body of people entitled to vote in an election.

Emergency Provisions

Special powers granted to the President under Articles 352, 356, and 360 during national, state, or financial emergencies.

Empowered Group of Ministers (EGoM)

A group formed to speed up inter-ministerial decision-making on important issues (now largely replaced by NITI Aayog task forces or cabinet committees).

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)

A process to evaluate the environmental consequences of a proposed development project before it is approved.

Environmental Clearance

Mandatory approval granted to industrial or infrastructure projects after EIA analysis, under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

An Act to ensure equal pay for equal work for men and women and to prevent gender discrimination in employment.

Equity

A principle of fairness in economics and law. In governance, it refers to policies that ensure inclusion and just distribution of resources.

Estimates Committee

A parliamentary committee that examines how efficiently the funds granted by the Parliament are being used by various ministries.

Ethics

Moral principles that guide conduct and decision-making in public life. A major paper in the UPSC Mains (GS Paper IV).

Ethnic Group

A group of people sharing a common culture, language, ancestry, or history. Important in socio-political and demographic studies.

Ex-Officio

A person who holds a position or role by virtue of holding another office. Example: The Vice President is the ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.

Exchange Rate

The value of one country’s currency in relation to another’s. It influences trade, inflation, and foreign reserves.

Excise Duty

A tax levied on the manufacture of goods within the country. (Post-GST, most excise duties are merged except on petroleum and liquor).

Executive

One of the three organs of the government responsible for implementing laws and policies. Includes President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and civil services.

Expenditure Budget

A part of the Union Budget that gives a detailed account of government spending during the fiscal year.

External Affairs Ministry

The government department responsible for managing India’s foreign relations and diplomatic engagements.

Extradition

The process of surrendering a criminal or accused person by one country to another under a legal agreement or treaty.

Extra-Judicial Killing

A killing by law enforcement agencies without the sanction of any legal proceeding—often critiqued under human rights law.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter F

Fact-Finding Committee

A temporary committee appointed to investigate and report on a specific issue or event, often before initiating policy or legal action.

Fast Track Court

Special courts established for speedy disposal of cases, especially related to women, children, and corruption.

Federation

A political system where power is constitutionally divided between a central authority and constituent units (states). India is a “quasi-federal” country.

Finance Bill

A bill presented along with the Union Budget that contains provisions for imposition, abolition, remission, alteration, or regulation of taxes.

Finance Commission

A constitutional body constituted every five years under Article 280 to recommend the distribution of taxes between the Centre and the States.

Financial Emergency

Declared under Article 360 when the financial stability or credit of India or any part thereof is threatened. Never declared so far.

Financial Inclusion

The effort to make financial services accessible and affordable to all, especially the weaker sections of society. Example: Jan Dhan Yojana.

Fiscal Deficit

The gap between the government’s total expenditure and its total receipts (excluding borrowings). It reflects the borrowing requirement of the government.

Fiscal Federalism

The financial relationship between different levels of government in a federal system, including revenue sharing and grants-in-aid.

Fiscal Policy

Government policy related to taxation, spending, and borrowing to influence the economy.

First-Past-the-Post (FPTP)

An electoral system where the candidate with the highest number of votes wins, even without a majority. Used in Indian Lok Sabha elections.

First Schedule of Indian Constitution

Lists the names of states and union territories and their territorial extent.

Food Security

Ensuring all people have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. Example: National Food Security Act, 2013.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investment by a company or individual from one country into business interests located in another country. Regulated by DPIIT in India.

Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999

A law to regulate foreign exchange and facilitate external trade and payments.

Foreign Policy

The strategy a country adopts to safeguard its national interests in its interactions with other countries.

Forest Rights Act, 2006

Legislation that recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling communities over forest land and resources.

Fourth Estate

A term used to refer to the press/media, regarded as an important pillar of democracy alongside the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

Freedom of Expression

A fundamental right under Article 19(1)(a) that allows individuals to express opinions freely, subject to reasonable restrictions.

Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

A pact between two or more countries to reduce or eliminate barriers to trade, such as tariffs and import quotas.

Frontier Village

Villages located along the international borders, often receiving special attention under border development programs.

Fundamental Duties

Ten (now eleven) moral obligations enshrined in Article 51A (Part IV-A) of the Constitution. Added by the 42nd Amendment.

Fundamental Rights

Guaranteed in Part III of the Constitution, these are enforceable legal rights meant to protect individual freedoms and dignity.

Furlough

A temporary leave granted to a prisoner or government employee for specific reasons, usually with conditions.

Futures Market

A financial market where people can buy and sell contracts for the delivery of goods or financial instruments at a future date.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter G

G20 (Group of Twenty)

An international forum of 19 countries and the EU that discusses global economic cooperation. India was the 2023 G20 President.

G7 (Group of Seven)

A group of the world’s major advanced economies including the US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, and Japan.

Gandhian Principles

Ideals such as non-violence, truth, self-reliance, and Sarvodaya (welfare of all) reflected in India’s Directive Principles and political thought.

General Budget

The annual financial statement presented by the Union Government under Article 112, covering estimated revenues and expenditures.

General Category

Citizens not belonging to reserved categories (SC, ST, OBC). Economically weaker among them are eligible for EWS reservation.

General Consent

A blanket permission given by states to the CBI to investigate cases. It can be withdrawn by the state government.

General Election

Nationwide election held to elect representatives to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.

Geographical Indication (GI)

A label used on products with a specific geographical origin and possessing qualities or reputation due to that origin. Example: Darjeeling Tea.

Gini Coefficient

A statistical measure of inequality in income or wealth. A value of 0 indicates perfect equality; 1 indicates perfect inequality.

Governor

The constitutional head of a state, appointed by the President under Article 155. Functions similarly to the President at the state level.

Goods and Services Tax (GST)

A unified indirect tax that replaced many previous taxes in India. Introduced via the 101st Constitutional Amendment in 2017.

Gram Panchayat

The lowest tier in the Panchayati Raj system, representing a village or group of villages. Handles local development and civic issues.

Gram Sabha

The general body of eligible voters in a village panchayat area. Plays a direct role in local governance and decision-making.

Grama Swaraj

The Gandhian concept of self-governance at the village level, emphasizing decentralization and participatory democracy.

Green Revolution

An agricultural movement in the 1960s that introduced high-yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation—leading to increased food production.

Green Tax

A tax levied on vehicles older than a certain age to reduce pollution and promote environmental consciousness.

Greenfield Project

A project built from scratch on unused land, often in infrastructure and manufacturing sectors. Opposite of Brownfield Project.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced in a country during a specific period. Indicator of economic health.

Gross National Income (GNI)

GDP plus net income earned from abroad. Reflects total income of a country’s residents.

Group of Ministers (GoM)

A group formed by the Cabinet for in-depth analysis and decision-making on specific issues. Often used for inter-ministerial coordination.

Guarantee Scheme

A government-backed scheme where the state assures returns, compensation, or outcomes—example: MGNREGA guarantees 100 days of employment.

Guidelines

Non-binding recommendations or frameworks issued by government or agencies to assist in consistent and ethical functioning.

Governor’s Rule

Specific to Jammu & Kashmir (before it became a Union Territory). Equivalent to President’s Rule in other Indian states.

Gender Budgeting

The practice of planning and allocating resources keeping gender equality in mind. Promotes women’s empowerment.

Globalization

Integration of national economies with the world through trade, investment, technology, and migration.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter H

Habitat

The natural environment in which a species lives and grows. Important in ecology and environmental studies.

Habeas Corpus

A writ under Article 32 or 226 to ensure a person’s right to liberty. It demands that a person under arrest be brought before a court.

Harappan Civilization

Also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest urban civilizations (2500–1700 BCE) in India.

Harijan

A term meaning “children of God,” used by Gandhi for the Scheduled Castes. It is now considered outdated and often avoided.

Harmonized System of Nomenclature (HSN Code)

A standardized international system for classifying goods under GST and trade.

Hate Speech

Speech that attacks or disparages a person or group based on religion, caste, gender, or ethnicity. Often debated in the context of freedom of speech.

Hazardous Waste

Waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. Governed by the Hazardous Waste Management Rules.

Health Index

A ranking mechanism by NITI Aayog that evaluates the performance of Indian states on health outcomes.

Healthcare Infrastructure

The physical and organizational structures (hospitals, PHCs, medical staff) needed to deliver healthcare services.

Heat Island Effect

Urban areas that experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to human activities and infrastructure.

Hindu Code Bills

A series of laws passed in the 1950s to codify and modernize Hindu personal laws relating to marriage, succession, and adoption.

Hindutva

A political and cultural ideology seeking to define Indian culture in terms of Hindu values. Studied in the context of political ideology and secularism.

High Court

The highest judicial authority in a state under Article 214. Exercises original, appellate, and writ jurisdiction.

High-Level Committee (HLC)

A temporary committee constituted by the government for analyzing and advising on major national issues.

High Powered Committee (HPC)

An expert committee with decision-making authority on inter-ministerial or urgent policy matters.

High Seas

Areas of the ocean beyond national jurisdiction. Governed by international law under UNCLOS.

High Yielding Variety (HYV) Seeds

Seeds introduced during the Green Revolution, designed to produce more output per hectare of land.

Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA)

An agency providing financial assistance for infrastructure development in higher education institutions in India.

Hill Area Development Programme (HADP)

A central government initiative for the integrated development of hilly regions in India.

Historical Materialism

A theory by Karl Marx which sees historical development as a result of material (economic) conditions rather than ideas.

Holding Company

A company that owns the controlling shares of other companies (subsidiaries), often relevant in business and economy questions.

Horizontal Reservation

Reservation provided across vertical categories (e.g., women, PwD, ex-servicemen within SC/ST/OBC/General categories).

Household Consumer Expenditure Survey

Conducted by NSSO, this survey assesses the consumption pattern of households, used in poverty estimation.

Human Capital

The skills, knowledge, and health that people invest in and accumulate to increase their productivity.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite index by UNDP measuring a country’s average achievements in health, education, and income.

Human Trafficking

The illegal trade of humans for purposes like forced labor, slavery, and sexual exploitation. Covered under laws like the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act.

Human Rights

Basic rights inherent to all human beings, such as the right to life, dignity, and freedom. Protected under the Constitution and various UN Conventions.

Human Rights Commission

Constitutional/statutory bodies like the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) that protect civil liberties and human dignity.

Hung Parliament

A situation where no single party or pre-election alliance gains a clear majority in the Lok Sabha or State Assembly.

Hybrid Warfare

A military strategy that blends conventional warfare, irregular warfare, and cyber warfare.

Hydrocarbon Exploration

The process of finding oil and gas resources. Related to energy policy and international relations.

Hydrological Cycle

The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Core to geography and environment.

Hydropower

Electricity generated from moving water. A renewable energy source often part of India’s energy policy discussions.

Hyperinflation

Extremely rapid or out of control inflation that erodes the value of currency.

Hypothecation

A finance term where a borrower pledges collateral while retaining ownership. Common in vehicle loans and banking-related UPSC topics.

Hypothesis

A testable statement or assumption used in research and reasoning, especially in essay writing or GS Paper IV (ethics).

Harmonious Construction

A legal doctrine stating that provisions of a statute or Constitution should be interpreted so that all are effective and none is redundant.

Humanitarian Intervention

Intervention by one state in another’s affairs, often through military force, to prevent human rights abuses.

Hazard Mapping

Identifying vulnerable areas prone to natural or man-made disasters—essential in disaster management.

Hostile Takeover

An acquisition where the target company’s management does not approve the takeover. Relevant to corporate governance and economy.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter I

ICT (Information and Communication Technology)

Integration of telecommunications, computers, and the internet to manage and communicate information. Critical in e-Governance.

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

A global financial institution that promotes monetary cooperation, financial stability, and economic growth among member countries.

Impact Assessment

Evaluation of potential effects (social, economic, environmental) of a project or policy. Example: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Impeachment

The process of removing high constitutional functionaries (like the President or judges) for violation of the Constitution.

Import Substitution

A trade policy aimed at reducing dependency on imports by promoting domestic production.

In Rem

A legal term referring to a case against a property or object rather than a person. Used in taxation and asset seizure.

In Situ Conservation

The preservation of species in their natural habitats (e.g., National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries).

Inclusive Growth

Economic growth that ensures equitable opportunities and benefits for all sections of society, especially the marginalized.

Indian Constitution

The supreme law of India, laying down the framework of governance, rights, and duties. Enforced on January 26, 1950.

Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Law governing admissibility and relevance of evidence in Indian courts.

Indian Forest Act, 1927

A colonial law regulating forest produce and forest conservation. Subject to reform under the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023.

Indian National Congress (INC)

A major political party instrumental in India’s independence movement. Formed in 1885.

Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860

The primary criminal code of India, defining various offenses and their punishments.

Indian Revenue Service (IRS)

One of the civil services in India dealing with direct and indirect taxation.

Indigenous Knowledge

Traditional knowledge systems developed by local communities over generations. Important in sustainable development and biodiversity.

Indirect Taxes

Taxes levied on goods and services (e.g., GST), where the burden of tax is passed to the end consumer.

Individual Responsibility System

In Indian Parliamentary system, each minister is individually responsible to the President and accountable to Parliament.

Industrial Corridors

Planned areas of economic development with high-quality infrastructure, aimed at boosting manufacturing and exports. Example: Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC).

Industrial Policy

A government policy to regulate, promote, and develop industries. Example: New Industrial Policy, 1991.

Industrial Revolution

The transformation from agrarian to industrial economies, starting in 18th-century Britain. A key part of world history.

Inflation

A sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time.

Inflation Targeting

A monetary policy framework where the central bank sets an explicit inflation rate as the goal. Adopted by RBI under flexible inflation targeting.

Informal Sector

The part of the economy that is not regulated by the government and often lacks formal job contracts and social security.

Information Commission

Authorities under the Right to Information Act, 2005, that ensure access to public information. Example: Central Information Commission (CIC).

Information Technology Act, 2000

Law providing legal recognition for electronic transactions, cybercrime, and digital governance.

Infrastructure

Physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society—roads, power, water, transport, etc.

Injunction

A judicial order that restrains a party from doing a specific act. Used in civil matters.

Input Tax Credit (ITC)

A GST mechanism allowing businesses to reduce the tax they have paid on inputs from the tax payable on outputs.

Inquiry Commission

A commission set up to investigate specific issues. Example: Liberhan Commission for Babri Masjid Demolition.

Intangible Assets

Non-physical assets such as patents, copyrights, brand value—important in startup economy and innovation.

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)

A welfare program providing nutrition, preschool education, and health for children below 6 years and pregnant women.

Integrated Farming

Agricultural practice integrating crops, livestock, fishery, etc., to maximize productivity and sustainability.

Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST)

A component of GST applied to inter-state supplies and imports, collected by the Centre.

Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)

A government scheme to conserve water, reduce erosion, and promote sustainable agriculture in dry regions.

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

Legal rights protecting creations of the mind like inventions, designs, artistic works, and trademarks.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

A UN body assessing climate change science and publishing major reports used in global negotiations.

Interim Budget

A temporary financial statement presented before general elections, allowing essential government spending.

Inter-State Council

A constitutional body (Article 263) created to promote coordination between Centre and States on policy matters.

Inter-State River Disputes

Conflicts between states over the sharing of river water. Handled under the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956.

Internal Security

Security within the country from threats like terrorism, insurgency, cybercrime, and communal violence.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

A UN agency promoting peaceful use of nuclear energy and preventing proliferation of nuclear weapons.

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

The principal judicial organ of the UN resolving disputes between countries and giving advisory opinions.

International Relations

The study of relationships between countries. Relevant in India’s foreign policy, diplomacy, and global governance.

Internet Governance

Policies and practices governing the use and regulation of the internet, including digital rights and cyber security.

Interventionist Policy

A government policy of actively managing the economy through spending, regulation, and control.

Investment

Allocation of resources or money to generate future returns. Can be domestic or foreign, public or private.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)

A mechanism allowing foreign investors to sue a host state under international trade agreements.

Invisible Hand

A term by Adam Smith describing self-regulating nature of the marketplace through supply-demand dynamics.

Iron Triangle

A political science concept describing a policy-making relationship among the legislature, bureaucracy, and interest groups.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter J

Jail Manual

A comprehensive rulebook used to govern the management and functioning of prisons across Indian states.

Jan Aushadhi Scheme

A government initiative to make quality generic medicines available at affordable prices to the masses through special stores.

Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

A financial inclusion scheme launched in 2014 to provide banking services to all households including zero-balance accounts, insurance, and pension.

Jan Lokpal Bill

A citizen-driven anti-corruption bill proposed to establish an independent ombudsman to investigate corruption cases involving public servants.

Jan Shakti

A Hindi term referring to the power of the people or citizens in a democratic framework—frequently used in political discourse and ethical governance.

Jana Andolan

A people’s movement or mass campaign initiated to demand or oppose a policy, law, or social issue. Example: Narmada Bachao Andolan.

Joint Committee

A parliamentary committee formed with members from both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to examine specific legislative matters or issues.

Joint Sitting

A session of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) convened together under Article 108 to resolve a deadlock on legislation.

Joint Venture

A business arrangement where two or more parties collaborate for a specific economic activity while sharing risks and profits.

Joule

A unit of energy in the SI system. Important in science and environment topics, particularly in energy policy.

Judicial Activism

The proactive role played by the judiciary in enforcing rights and checking governmental abuse, even beyond traditional limits.

Judicial Overreach

When the judiciary is perceived to have overstepped its constitutional boundaries and interfered with executive or legislative functions.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to review laws and executive orders to determine their constitutionality. Established under Articles 13 and 32.

Judiciary

One of the three organs of the Indian state, responsible for interpreting the law and delivering justice. Includes subordinate courts, High Courts, and the Supreme Court.

Jurisprudence

The theoretical study of law, its origins, structure, and functions. Often used in legal reasoning and GS Paper IV (Ethics).

Jurisdiction

The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Can be territorial, pecuniary, or subject-matter related.

Justice

A fundamental principle in law and governance, ensuring fairness, equity, and rule of law. Mentioned in the Preamble to the Indian Constitution.

Justice Verma Committee

A high-level committee formed after the 2012 Delhi gang rape to recommend amendments to criminal law for crimes against women.

Justiciable Rights

Rights enforceable by the courts of law. Example: Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution.

Juvenile Justice Act

A law that deals with crimes committed by individuals below the age of 18, focusing on rehabilitation over punishment.

Juvenile Delinquency

Crimes or antisocial behavior committed by minors. Relevant in the context of child rights and social welfare.

Jute Industry

A major agro-based industry in India, especially in West Bengal. Important for trade, employment, and rural economy.

Jal Jeevan Mission

A flagship scheme to provide tap water supply to all rural households by 2024.

Jal Shakti Abhiyan

A campaign for water conservation and water resource management launched by the Ministry of Jal Shakti.

Janmabhoomi-Bhoomi Ratha Scheme

A people-participatory development program launched in Andhra Pradesh (historical and administrative relevance).

Jati

A sub-caste or community group forming part of India’s traditional caste hierarchy. Important in sociology and polity discussions.

Justice Delayed is Justice Denied

A legal and ethical principle indicating the importance of timely justice delivery.

Just Transition

A concept used in climate justice referring to the fair shift of workers and communities toward sustainable energy systems.

Joint Forest Management (JFM)

A collaborative approach involving local communities and the government for managing and protecting forests.

Joint Military Exercise

Strategic cooperative drills between the armed forces of two or more countries. Example: Yudh Abhyas (India-USA), Malabar (India-Japan-USA-Australia).

Joint Sitting of Parliament

A mechanism under Article 108 to resolve a legislative deadlock between the two Houses, presided over by the Speaker of Lok Sabha.

Judicial Accountability

The principle that judges must be accountable for their conduct and decisions, without compromising judicial independence.

Judicial Independence

A constitutional guarantee that the judiciary is free from executive or legislative interference.

Judicial Restraint

A philosophy encouraging the judiciary to limit the use of its powers and respect the roles of other government branches.

Joint Liability Group (JLG)

An informal group of farmers or entrepreneurs who collectively borrow from banks, useful in agricultural finance and rural development.

Judicial Custody

A form of legal detention where the accused is kept under court-approved custody, usually in jail.

Justice as Fairness (Rawlsian Theory)

A philosophical theory of justice by John Rawls emphasizing equal liberty and fairness for the least advantaged.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter K

Kharif Crops

Crops sown at the beginning of the monsoon season (June–July) and harvested in autumn (September–October). Example: rice, maize, cotton.

Khap Panchayat

Traditional caste-based councils found in rural North India, often criticized for issuing extra-constitutional and socially regressive diktats.

Khilafat Movement

A pan-Islamic political protest launched by Indian Muslims in 1919 to restore the Caliph of the Ottoman Empire, supported by Gandhi during the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Kisan Credit Card (KCC)

A scheme introduced in 1998 to provide farmers with timely access to credit for crop production and other agricultural needs.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)

Agricultural extension centers established by ICAR to provide training and information to farmers on latest farming techniques.

Kudumbashree Mission

A poverty eradication and women empowerment initiative by the Government of Kerala based on self-help groups (SHGs).

Knowledge Economy

An economy driven by information, innovation, technology, and a highly educated workforce. Important in the context of Digital India and Skill India.

Kisan Diwas

Celebrated annually on December 23 to honor Indian farmers and mark the birth anniversary of Chaudhary Charan Singh.

Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)

A scheme for setting up residential schools at upper primary level for girls from SC, ST, OBC, and minority communities.

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

India’s largest nuclear power station located in Tamil Nadu, developed in collaboration with Russia.

Krishi Kalyan Cess

A 0.5% tax levied on all taxable services to fund agricultural welfare programs (now subsumed under GST).

Kautilya’s Arthashastra

An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy written by Chanakya (Kautilya).

Karmayoga

A concept from the Bhagavad Gita emphasizing selfless action without attachment to results; often quoted in civil services ethics.

Kedarnath Judgment (1962)

A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of sedition laws but restricted their application only to acts inciting violence.

Knowledge Commission

A high-level advisory body constituted by the Government of India in 2005 to recommend reforms in education, research, and innovation.

Kalinga Award

UNESCO award for the popularization of science among the public, instituted in 1952. An Indian-origin award.

Kyoto Protocol

An international treaty (1997) committing developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Predecessor to the Paris Agreement.

Kisan Rail

A special train service launched to transport perishable agricultural products across states to reduce wastage and support farmers.

Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)

A central sector scheme under which ₹6,000 per year is transferred in three equal installments to eligible farmer families.

Kisan Vikas Patra (KVP)

A government savings instrument encouraging long-term savings with guaranteed returns; issued by post offices.

Knowledge Sharing Platform

A mechanism for exchanging best practices and innovations among departments or organizations in governance, often promoted under e-Governance.

Kala Azar

A neglected tropical disease (visceral leishmaniasis), targeted for elimination in India under the National Health Mission.

Kharif vs. Rabi Crops

Kharif crops: Monsoon season (e.g., paddy).
Rabi crops: Winter season (e.g., wheat). Knowing their cycles is important in agriculture questions.

Kisan Sabha Movement

A peasant movement in colonial India (notably in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) demanding fair rent, land rights, and protection from exploitation.

Kosi River

A tributary of the Ganges, known as the “Sorrow of Bihar” due to frequent floods. Significant in disaster management and geography.

Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust

An institution founded in 1945 focused on rural development and women’s welfare, named after Gandhiji’s wife.

Karmachari

Hindi term for “employee” or “worker”; often used in government service context (e.g., karmachari unions, karmachari boards).

Khelo India

A government program aimed at promoting sports culture at the grassroots level and identifying young sporting talent.

Kanya Sumangala Yojana

A scheme by Uttar Pradesh government for promoting girl child welfare and education through conditional cash transfers.

Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Project

A major connectivity project between India and Myanmar to facilitate trade and strengthen India’s Act East policy.

Kisan Mitra

Volunteer-based or technology-assisted support system to help farmers with information on weather, inputs, markets, and advisory.

Kra Canal

A proposed canal in Thailand that could affect maritime trade routes in the Indian Ocean—relevant in India’s geopolitical strategy.

Kharif Procurement Policy

A seasonal policy by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to purchase Kharif crops like rice under Minimum Support Price (MSP).

Krishonnati Yojana

Umbrella agricultural development scheme covering multiple missions like National Food Security Mission, National Horticulture Mission, etc.

Kavach System

An indigenous anti-collision system developed for Indian Railways to improve train safety and automation.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter L

Labour Code
Refers to the consolidation of multiple labour laws into four broad codes: wages, industrial relations, social security, and occupational safety. Introduced for reform and simplification.

Laissez-Faire

An economic philosophy advocating minimal state intervention in the economy. Often contrasted with welfare state models.

Land Acquisition

The legal process by which the government acquires private land for public purposes, governed by the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Act, 2013.

Land Reforms

Changes in ownership, tenancy, and management of land to ensure equitable distribution and prevent exploitation. Included in post-independence policies.

Law Commission of India

A non-constitutional body that recommends legal reforms and codifications. It functions under the Ministry of Law and Justice.

Law of Limitation

A legal rule prescribing the time limit within which a legal action can be initiated.

Legislature

The law-making body of the government. In India, it includes the Parliament at the Centre and State Legislative Assemblies.

Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad)

The upper house in a bicameral state legislature. Not all Indian states have one.

Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)

The lower house of the state legislature, where MLAs (Members of Legislative Assembly) are elected.

Legal Aid

Provision of free legal services to those who cannot afford representation, protected under Article 39A of the Constitution.

Legal Entity

An individual, company, or organization with legal rights and obligations. Example: a corporation.

Legal Tender

Currency legally recognized for settling debts. In India, currency issued by RBI is legal tender.

Legitimate Expectation

A legal concept where a person expects fair treatment from public authorities, even if not guaranteed by law.

Levy

The act of imposing a tax or fine. Example: GST is levied by the Centre and States.

Liberalization

The process of relaxing government restrictions in the economy, especially since the 1991 economic reforms in India.

Licence Raj

The regulatory system in pre-liberalized India where businesses required extensive licensing and approvals. Replaced by liberal economic policies post-1991.

Lifeline Udan

A special air cargo service initiated during COVID-19 to transport essential supplies to remote areas.

Line Ministry

A ministry responsible for the direct implementation of a government policy or scheme (e.g., Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education).

Line of Actual Control (LAC)

The de facto border between India and China. Not clearly demarcated, leading to frequent military stand-offs.

Line of Control (LoC)

The military control line separating Indian and Pakistani-controlled parts of Jammu and Kashmir.

Lingayat Movement

A socio-religious reform movement started in Karnataka during the 12th century by Basavanna, rejecting caste-based hierarchy.

Linkage Factors (IR)

In international relations, linkages are relationships or interactions that influence diplomatic negotiations—such as trade, aid, defense.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Natural gas that has been cooled into liquid form for storage and transport. Important in India’s energy security.

Liquidation

The process of dissolving a company by selling its assets to repay debts. Regulated by the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC).

Listed Company

A company whose shares are traded on the stock exchange, subject to regulations of SEBI.

Live Minting

A real-time, dynamic updating of economic and business information—related to digital tools in governance and journalism.

Living Constitution

A view that the Constitution is a dynamic document whose interpretation evolves with time and societal needs.

Loan Waiver

Government policy of cancelling outstanding loans of certain borrowers, often farmers, for social and political reasons.

Local Bodies

Institutions at the grassroots level of governance like Panchayats (rural) and Municipalities (urban), empowered under the 73rd and 74th Amendments.

Local Government

A system of administration in which elected representatives at the municipal or village level govern local affairs.

Locavore Movement

A movement encouraging people to consume locally produced food to reduce carbon footprint and promote sustainability.

Locus Standi

A legal term meaning “the right to bring an action.” In India, it has been expanded under Public Interest Litigation (PIL).

Logistics Sector

Refers to infrastructure and services related to transport, warehousing, and delivery. Crucial under PM Gati Shakti Master Plan.

Lok Adalat

An alternative dispute resolution mechanism in India where disputes are settled amicably outside the formal court system.

Lokpal

An anti-corruption ombudsman established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 to investigate corruption cases involving public officials.

Lokayukta

A state-level ombudsman for addressing grievances related to public administration and corruption in state governments.

Lok Sabha

The lower house of the Parliament of India where members are directly elected. Key powers include money bills and vote of confidence.

Low Carbon Economy

An economy that aims to minimize carbon dioxide emissions, essential in discussions on climate change and India’s INDCs under the Paris Agreement.

Low-Income Group (LIG)

A category used in social welfare and housing schemes to identify beneficiaries based on income level.

Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)

The percentage of working-age people who are either employed or actively seeking work.

Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

A UN-defined category of countries with low income, weak human assets, and high economic vulnerability.

Law of Demand

An economic principle stating that as the price of a good increases, demand decreases (ceteris paribus).

Law of Diminishing Returns

An economic concept that as more of a variable input is added to a fixed input, the marginal output eventually declines.

Legislative Privileges

Special rights and immunities granted to Parliament and its members for efficient functioning, under Article 105 and 194.

Legal Literacy

Awareness and understanding of legal rights and responsibilities among citizens. Promoted through campaigns by legal services authorities.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter M

Macro-Economics

The branch of economics dealing with the economy as a whole, including inflation, GDP, fiscal policy, unemployment, and interest rates.

Magna Carta

A historic English charter of 1215 establishing the principle that everyone, including the king, is subject to the law. Frequently referenced in constitutional law and rights discussions.

Magistrate

A judicial officer empowered to hear and decide minor criminal and civil cases. Includes Judicial Magistrate and Executive Magistrate.

Majoritarianism

A political philosophy that asserts majority community interests dominate over minorities—crucial in understanding secularism and democracy in India.

Major Port

Ports controlled by the Central Government under the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021. Examples: Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

A landmark rural employment scheme guaranteeing 100 days of wage employment to every rural household.

Make in India

An initiative launched in 2014 to promote domestic manufacturing and attract foreign investment into India’s industrial sector.

Mandamus

A writ issued by a court directing a public official or body to perform a public duty.

Manipur Merger Agreement

The 1949 treaty through which the princely state of Manipur merged with the Indian Union.

Manual Scavenging

The inhuman practice of manually cleaning human excreta, now prohibited under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers Act, 2013.

Marginal Cost

The cost of producing one additional unit of output. Key concept in economics.

Marginal Farmer

A farmer owning less than 1 hectare of land. Important in agrarian policy and subsidy targeting.

Market Economy

An economic system in which production and prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.

Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)

A price support mechanism for perishable and horticultural commodities not covered under MSP.

Marketing Board

A government-created body that helps in the regulation and development of the marketing of agricultural produce.

Martial Law

Temporary rule by military authorities during emergencies, suspending ordinary law and fundamental rights.

Maternity Benefit Act

A law providing paid maternity leave and other benefits to working women in India. Amended in 2017 to increase leave to 26 weeks.

Matriarchal Society

A social system in which women hold primary power, especially in family and property matters. Example: Meghalaya’s Khasi tribe.

Mediation

A form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) where a neutral third party helps disputing parties reach a mutually agreeable solution.

Member of Parliament (MP)

An elected representative to either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.

Mercantilism

An economic theory practiced by colonial powers, emphasizing export surplus and accumulation of precious metals.

Mercosur

A South American trade bloc—relevant in India’s foreign trade agreements.

Merchant Discount Rate (MDR)

A fee paid by a merchant to banks for processing digital payments. Relevant in financial inclusion and digital economy topics.

Merger of States

Refers to the integration of princely states into the Indian Union post-independence under Sardar Patel’s leadership.

Merit Goods

Goods deemed socially desirable and under-consumed if left to the market (e.g., education, healthcare).

Meta Data

Data about data. Essential in digital governance, surveillance, and cyber policy discussions.

Metropolitan Planning Committee (MPC)

A body constituted under the 74th Amendment for planning in metropolitan areas.

Microfinance

Provision of financial services to low-income groups and small borrowers. Important for poverty alleviation and women empowerment.

Micro-Irrigation

Advanced irrigation methods such as drip and sprinkler systems, promoted under PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)

Key drivers of employment and exports. Defined by investment and turnover criteria.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another for better opportunities or due to distress. Types: seasonal, rural-urban, international.

Minimum Support Price (MSP)

The price at which the government procures crops from farmers to ensure remunerative returns.

Minority

A community identified by religion or language whose population is numerically less than the rest of the population. Rights protected under Article 29 and 30.

Minor Forest Produce (MFP)

Non-timber forest products like bamboo, tendu leaves, resins—essential for tribal economy and forest rights.

Minority Commission (NCM)

A statutory body that safeguards the constitutional and legal rights of minorities in India.

Model Code of Conduct (MCC)

A set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission during elections to regulate political party behavior.

Model Tenancy Act

A model law to balance the interests of landlords and tenants, promote rental housing, and bring transparency.

Model Village

A village developed under Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) to demonstrate holistic rural development.

Money Bill

A bill that deals exclusively with taxation or expenditure, introduced only in Lok Sabha under Article 110.

Monetary Policy

The process by which the RBI controls the money supply, interest rates, and inflation through instruments like repo rate, CRR.

Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)

A six-member committee that decides RBI’s monetary policy (repo rate, inflation targets). Established by an amendment to the RBI Act, 1934.

Money Laundering

The process of making illegally obtained money appear legal. Governed by the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002.

Monopoly

A market structure where a single seller dominates and controls prices.

Montreal Protocol

A global treaty to phase out ozone-depleting substances like CFCs. India is a signatory.

Moral Hazard

A situation where a party takes risks because the negative consequences are borne by someone else. Common in banking and insurance.

Moral Policing

Unlawful or informal attempts to enforce perceived moral codes, often infringing on individual liberties.

Moral Responsibility

A theme in ethics referring to the duty to act rightly and take accountability for actions.

Moratorium

A temporary suspension of activity or law. Example: loan moratorium during COVID-19.

Motilal Nehru Report (1928)

The first attempt to draft a Constitution of India; recommended Dominion Status and fundamental rights.

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

A global measure of poverty based on health, education, and standard of living—more comprehensive than income-based measures.

Multilateralism

A foreign policy approach involving multiple countries working together on global issues (e.g., climate change, trade, health).

Multi-State Cooperative Society

A cooperative society that serves interests in more than one state and is governed by the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002.

Municipal Corporation

Urban local government bodies in large cities responsible for civic services and infrastructure under the 74th Amendment.

Municipality

Urban local bodies in small cities/towns for governance, development, and civic services.

Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT)

A bilateral agreement between countries for sharing evidence and information in criminal investigations.

Mutatis Mutandis

A Latin term meaning “with necessary changes having been made.” Used in law to apply provisions with modifications.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter N

NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development)

An apex development bank for promoting rural and agricultural development. Provides credit and monitors rural infrastructure development.

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985

A central legislation that prohibits and regulates the manufacture, possession, and transport of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

Nash Equilibrium

A game theory concept where no player can benefit by changing strategies unilaterally. Important in economics and decision-making.

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)

A set of eight missions launched by the Indian government in 2008 to address climate change and promote sustainable development.

National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)

A statutory body under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 responsible for conserving biodiversity and regulating access to biological resources.

National Commission for Women (NCW)

A statutory body that safeguards the legal and constitutional rights of women in India.

National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)

A constitutional body under Article 338 to protect the rights of SCs and monitor implementation of safeguards.

National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)

A constitutional body under Article 338A to protect the interests and welfare of Scheduled Tribes.

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

Apex body for disaster preparedness, mitigation, and response. Established under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.

National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

A policy aimed at transforming India’s education system with focus on foundational literacy, vocational training, multidisciplinary learning, and technology.

National Emergency

Declared under Article 352 when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.

National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013

Legally entitles eligible households to receive subsidized food grains under Targeted Public Distribution System.

National Green Tribunal (NGT)

A specialized judicial body that handles environmental disputes under the NGT Act, 2010.

National Health Mission (NHM)

A flagship healthcare initiative launched in 2013 by combining the National Rural Health Mission and National Urban Health Mission.

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

A statutory body established in 1993 for the protection and promotion of human rights.

National Income

The total income earned by a nation’s people, including wages, profits, rent, and taxes, minus subsidies.

National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP)

A government initiative to invest in infrastructure projects (roads, ports, energy, etc.) worth over ₹100 lakh crore by 2025.

National Interest

A key concept in international relations that guides foreign policy, representing a country’s core priorities (e.g., security, economy, sovereignty).

National Integration

A process of unifying diverse communities into a cohesive national identity, essential in a multicultural country like India.

National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)

A sovereign wealth fund to catalyze investment into infrastructure and growth sectors.

National Knowledge Commission (NKC)

Advisory body set up in 2005 to improve education, research, and innovation in India.

National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)

Provides free legal services to the poor and marginalized and organizes Lok Adalats.

National Monetization Pipeline (NMP)

A government strategy to monetize core infrastructure assets to generate funds for future investments.

National Population Register (NPR)

A register of residents of India, used for better identification and planning of services. Linked to the NRC debate.

National Register of Citizens (NRC)

A register containing names of Indian citizens. First implemented in Assam to identify illegal immigrants.

National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Now merged into NSO, it conducted large-scale surveys on socioeconomic issues to aid policy-making.

National Security Act (NSA), 1980

A law that allows preventive detention to maintain public order and national security.

National Security Council (NSC)

Apex body for advising the Prime Minister on security and strategic affairs, chaired by the NSA (National Security Advisor).

National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)

A PPP initiative under the Ministry of Skill Development to promote skill training and entrepreneurship.

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

A welfare program that provides financial assistance to elderly, widows, and disabled individuals below poverty line.

National Supercomputing Mission

Launched to enhance India’s computing capability in academic and R&D institutions using indigenous technology.

National Water Policy

A policy to govern planning and development of water resources. Latest version (2012) emphasizes conservation and integrated water resource management.

Nationalization

The process by which privately-owned assets or companies are taken over by the government. Example: Bank nationalization in 1969.

Nation-State

A political entity where the boundaries of a nation and state coincide. Important in discussions of nationalism and international law.

Natural Capital

The world’s stocks of natural assets including soil, air, water, and biodiversity, crucial in sustainable development.

Natural Justice

Legal philosophy ensuring fair hearing and unbiased judgment. Principles: “audi alteram partem” and “nemo judex in causa sua.”

Natural Rights

Fundamental rights considered inherent to all humans, not contingent on laws. Historically rooted in social contract theory.

Naxalism

An insurgent movement rooted in Maoist ideology advocating armed rebellion, especially in tribal and rural areas of central India.

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

Governs promissory notes, cheques, and bills of exchange. Recently amended to criminalize cheque bouncing.

Net National Product (NNP)

Gross National Product (GNP) minus depreciation. Reflects the actual economic value available.

Net Present Value (NPV)

The present value of cash flows from a project or investment, used in project evaluations and environmental compensation.

Net Zero

A state in which greenhouse gas emissions are balanced by removal from the atmosphere. India targets Net Zero by 2070.

New Development Bank (NDB)

A multilateral development bank set up by BRICS countries to finance infrastructure and sustainable development projects.

New Economic Policy (1991)

A set of reforms introducing liberalization, privatization, and globalization to overcome economic crisis.

New Public Administration

A theory advocating equity, social justice, and participatory governance in administrative practices.

New Urban Agenda (Habitat III)

A UN framework promoting sustainable urban development through better planning and inclusivity.

NGO (Non-Governmental Organization)

A voluntary organization working on social, economic, and developmental issues. Many operate under FCRA guidelines.

Night Soil

Human excreta collected manually from dry toilets—used in discussions around sanitation and manual scavenging.

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

The first biosphere reserve in India (1986), covering Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka; part of UNESCO’s MAB program.

No Confidence Motion

A parliamentary motion moved in Lok Sabha expressing lack of confidence in the Council of Ministers. If passed, government must resign.

Nobel Peace Prize

An international award for contributions to peace—relevant in global affairs and social reforms.

Nominal GDP

GDP measured at current market prices without adjusting for inflation. Contrasted with Real GDP.

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

A movement of countries (mostly developing) that chose not to formally align with any major power bloc during the Cold War.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22)

A significant freedom struggle led by Gandhi advocating boycott of British institutions and non-violent resistance.

Non-Tax Revenue

Government income that does not come from taxes—includes fees, dividends from PSUs, fines, and interest.

Non-Performing Asset (NPA)

A loan or advance for which the principal or interest payment is overdue for 90 days. A major issue in Indian banking.

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

An international treaty to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. India has not signed the NPT due to its discriminatory nature.

Non-State Actor

Entities not affiliated with any government but play a role in international relations (e.g., NGOs, terrorist groups, corporations).

Normative Ethics

Branch of ethics concerned with what people ought to do, often explored in GS Paper IV.

Nudging

Behavioral economics concept where individuals are subtly guided towards beneficial behavior without coercion—used in policy-making.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter O

Objective Resolution

Introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946 in the Constituent Assembly, it laid the foundation for the Preamble and India’s constitutional philosophy.

Obligations of Citizens

Duties expected from citizens under Article 51A (Fundamental Duties), like respect for the Constitution, environment, and national symbols.

Observatory

A facility or institution for scientific observation of natural phenomena, especially in astronomy or environmental science.

Obsolescence

The process of becoming outdated or no longer used—often discussed in economic and technological contexts.

Occupational Hazard

Risks associated with specific jobs or professions. Relevant in labor policy and health & safety regulations.

Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020

A law aimed at consolidating and updating regulations relating to labor safety and working conditions in India.

Official Language

Hindi is the official language of the Union (Article 343); English is to be used for official purposes until otherwise decided.

Official Secrets Act, 1923

A colonial-era law that penalizes sharing of classified government information; criticized for limiting press freedom.

Offshore Wind Energy

Wind energy harnessed over oceans or large water bodies. India has policy ambitions under the National Offshore Wind Energy Policy.

Oligopoly

A market structure dominated by a small number of large firms, leading to limited competition. Example: telecom sector.

Ombudsman

An independent public official appointed to investigate complaints against maladministration. Examples: Lokpal (national), Lokayukta (state).

One Nation One Election

A proposed electoral reform to synchronize Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections to improve efficiency and reduce costs.

One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC)

A reform enabling migrant workers to access subsidized food grains anywhere in India using the same ration card.

One Person One Vote

A fundamental democratic principle meaning each vote has equal value.

Open Market Operations (OMO)

RBI’s monetary tool involving buying/selling of government securities to control liquidity in the economy.

Open Defecation Free (ODF)

A status declared when a region has eliminated open defecation. Promoted under Swachh Bharat Mission.

Open Government Data (OGD) Platform

A portal launched by the Government of India to make datasets available for public access and policy innovation.

Open Prison

A correctional facility where inmates have greater freedom of movement and often engage in agriculture or community work.

Operating Ratio (Railways)

A measure of operating efficiency—calculated as the ratio of working expenses to gross earnings.

Opportunity Cost

The cost of forgoing the next best alternative when making a decision. A foundational concept in economics.

Ordinance

A temporary law promulgated by the President (Article 123) or Governor (Article 213) when the legislature is not in session.

Organic Farming

An agricultural method that avoids synthetic inputs and emphasizes natural fertilizers and biological pest control.

Organized Sector

Sector that is registered, regulated by the government, and provides job security, social security, and benefits to employees.

Orphan Crops

Neglected crops not traded internationally but important for local food security and nutrition (e.g., millets).

Outlays

Planned expenditure by the government or an organization. Often seen in budgetary documents and five-year plans.

Output-Based Aid (OBA)

A performance-based aid mechanism where subsidies are provided after delivery of specified services or outcomes.

Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOP)

Health expenses directly paid by individuals at the point of care. High OOP reflects lack of insurance and public health provisioning.

Outer Space Treaty (1967)

An international treaty prohibiting the placement of nuclear weapons in space and ensuring peaceful use of outer space.

Overdraft

A credit facility that allows account holders to withdraw more than the available balance. Important in financial inclusion (e.g., PMJDY).

Overpopulation

A condition where a region’s population exceeds its carrying capacity. Discussed in demography, environment, and resource policy.

Oversight Mechanism

Institutional checks that monitor the actions of government and public officials. Examples: CAG, Parliamentary Committees.

Over-the-Top (OTT) Platforms

Digital streaming services delivering content via internet without cable/satellite—relevant in debates on content regulation and IPR.

Ownership Rights

Legal rights to possess, use, and transfer property. Important in land reform, tribal rights, and gender equity.

Operational Creditor

A person to whom a corporate debtor owes money for goods or services, under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016.

Operational Green Scheme

A government scheme promoting value chain development for perishable agri-horticulture products like tomatoes, onions, and potatoes.

Off-Budget Borrowing

Loans or liabilities raised by public sector undertakings that are not shown in the official budget, used to fund government schemes indirectly.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

A technology that uses temperature difference between surface water and deep ocean water to generate electricity.

Ocean Acidification

A decrease in the pH of ocean water due to absorption of excess CO₂ from the atmosphere, impacting marine ecosystems.

Open Access in Electricity

Allows consumers to buy power from any supplier, encouraging competition and efficiency in the electricity market.

Optics (Policy Optics)

Refers to how a government decision or event is perceived by the public, media, or stakeholders—important in governance and political science.

Open Source Software

Software with publicly available source code, promoting transparency and innovation. Supported under Digital India initiatives.

Organ-on-a-Chip

A microfluidic device mimicking the functions of human organs. Cutting-edge biotech innovation relevant to science and tech.

Operationalization

The process of converting policy plans or strategies into actionable and implementable steps.

Onboarding (Digital Platforms)

The process of integrating users, employees, or vendors into digital ecosystems—key in e-governance, fintech, and startups.

Open-ended Scheme

A scheme (especially in finance or insurance) with no fixed maturity, allowing withdrawal or investment at any time.

Ocean Currents

Large-scale flow of ocean water driven by wind, temperature, salinity, and Earth’s rotation. Important in climate and geography.

Ocean Governance

The legal, institutional, and policy frameworks governing use and conservation of ocean resources.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter P

Panchayati Raj

A three-tier system of rural local self-governance in India established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.

Parliament

The supreme legislative body of India consisting of the President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.

Parliamentary Democracy

A form of government where the executive is accountable to the legislature and derives legitimacy from it.

Parliamentary Privileges

Special rights and immunities enjoyed by Parliament and its members to ensure independent functioning (Articles 105 and 194).

Participatory Governance

A model where citizens actively engage in decision-making processes. Examples: Gram Sabhas, public consultations.

Party Whip

An official order issued by a political party directing its members to vote a certain way in the legislature.

Patent

An intellectual property right that gives the inventor exclusive rights over their invention for a specified period.

Patriotism

Devotion to one’s country. Discussed in ethics (GS Paper IV) and public service motivation.

Pay Commission

A body appointed by the Government of India to review and recommend changes in salary structures of government employees.

Penal Code

A set of laws prescribing punishments for crimes. In India, the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 is the primary criminal law.

Per Capita Income

The average income earned per person in a specific area in a specified year, used to gauge economic development.

Performance-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme

A government initiative to boost manufacturing in strategic sectors by offering incentives based on production/output.

Performance Budget

A budget that focuses on outcomes rather than outlays—linking funds to measurable results.

Permanent Settlement

A land revenue system introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793, recognizing zamindars as landowners.

PESA Act (1996)

Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act empowers Gram Sabhas in tribal regions with self-rule and protection of traditions.

Petition

A formal written request to the court or authority for redress of grievance. Includes Public Interest Litigations (PIL).

Planning Commission

A now-defunct body (replaced by NITI Aayog) that formulated five-year plans for India’s economic development.

Pluralism

A societal framework where multiple cultural, religious, or political groups coexist peacefully. Central to Indian democracy.

Plebiscite

A direct vote by the electorate on a specific proposal or issue. Often used in the context of territorial disputes.

Political Party

An organized group of people with similar political ideologies aiming to capture political power through elections.

Political Socialization

The process by which individuals acquire political values and beliefs. Influences include family, education, and media.

Pollution Control Board (CPCB/SPCB)

Statutory authorities at central and state levels to control water, air, and environmental pollution under the Environment Act.

Poverty Line

A threshold to identify individuals or households below a minimum income level required to sustain basic needs.

Power of Judicial Review

The authority of the judiciary to strike down unconstitutional laws or executive actions.

Pre-Legislative Consultation Policy

A policy requiring draft bills to be published for public feedback before being introduced in Parliament.

Presidential Rule

Imposition of Article 356 in a state where constitutional machinery has failed, leading to central rule.

Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988

A law aimed at tackling corruption among public servants. Amended in 2018 for stricter provisions.

Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002

Law to prevent money laundering and to confiscate property derived from such activity.

Preventive Detention

Detention of a person without trial to prevent them from committing a potential crime. Limited under Article 22.

Primary Sector

Economic sector involving extraction and harvesting of natural resources (e.g., agriculture, mining).

Principal-Agent Problem

A conflict of interest where an agent (e.g., bureaucrat) may not act in the best interest of the principal (e.g., government/public).

Private Member’s Bill

A bill introduced by a Member of Parliament who is not a minister. Rarely passed but important for social legislation.

Privatization

Transfer of ownership or management of public enterprises to the private sector.

Probity in Governance

Integrity, honesty, and transparency in public administration—central theme in GS Paper IV.

Procurement Policy

Government policy for purchasing goods and services, especially from MSMEs and local producers.

Proclamation of Emergency

Declaration under Articles 352, 356, or 360 for war, constitutional breakdown, or financial instability.

Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme

Scheme to boost domestic manufacturing and exports in sectors like electronics, pharma, and automobiles.

Productivity

Output per unit of input. A key metric in labor economics and industrial growth.

Prohibition

A legal ban. Often discussed in context of alcohol laws (e.g., Gujarat, Bihar) or moral legislation.

Proportional Representation

An electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast. Used in Rajya Sabha elections.

Protectionism

Economic policy of restricting imports to protect domestic industries—tariffs, quotas, etc.

Protective Discrimination

Measures like reservation and affirmative action to uplift marginalized communities.

Protocol

A formal diplomatic code or rule set used in foreign affairs or treaties.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

A government initiative for affordable housing for urban and rural poor by 2022.

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

A crop insurance scheme that provides financial protection to farmers against crop failure.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)

Part of Ayushman Bharat, it offers ₹5 lakh health insurance to poor and vulnerable families.

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)

A flagship skill development program for training youth in industry-relevant skills.

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)

Direct income support scheme transferring ₹6,000 annually to eligible small and marginal farmers.

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)

A scheme providing LPG connections to women from BPL households to ensure clean cooking fuel.

Preamble

An introductory statement of the Constitution that defines its objectives—Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

Precautionary Principle

Environmental law principle: if an action risks serious harm, the absence of scientific certainty is no reason to delay it.

Pressure Group

An organized group that seeks to influence public policy without contesting elections. Examples: trade unions, farmers’ organizations.

Primary Health Centre (PHC)

The first point of contact in India’s rural healthcare delivery system.

Probationary Officer (PO)

A trainee officer in government services, especially banks and civil services.

Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006

Law prohibiting marriage of girls under 18 and boys under 21.

Public Administration

The study and practice of policy implementation and public service management. A major UPSC optional.

Public Authority

Defined under the RTI Act, includes government departments and bodies funded by the government.

Public Debt

Borrowing by the government to finance deficits—includes internal and external liabilities.

Public Distribution System (PDS)

A food security mechanism distributing subsidized food grains via ration shops.

Public Finance

Study of government income, expenditure, and debt. Integral to economic policy formulation.

Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

Judicial proceedings filed for the protection of public interest by an individual or group.

Public Policy

A system of laws and regulations guiding government action to solve public issues.

Public Private Partnership (PPP)

A cooperative arrangement between government and private sector for infrastructure or service delivery.

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)

Government-owned corporations or companies in strategic and commercial sectors.

Public Service Values

Principles such as integrity, transparency, neutrality, and commitment to public good—emphasized in ethics.

Pygmy Deposit Scheme

A small savings scheme offered by banks to daily wage earners and small traders.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter Q

Quarantine

A public health practice of isolating individuals or animals to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Became globally relevant during COVID-19.

Quasi-Judicial Body

An entity with powers resembling those of a court, such as adjudicating disputes, conducting hearings, and imposing penalties.
Examples: National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), Central Information Commission (CIC), National Green Tribunal (NGT).

Quasi-Legislative

Refers to rule-making powers granted to authorities/agencies other than the legislature.
Example: Regulations issued by SEBI or RBI.

Quasi-Federalism

A term used to describe India’s federal system which exhibits both federal and unitary features.
Coined by: K.C. Wheare who called India a “quasi-federal” state.

Quorum

The minimum number of members required to conduct the proceedings of a legislative body.
In Indian Parliament: One-tenth of the total members.

Quota

A fixed share or allocation. Used in multiple contexts:

Reservation Quota: SC/ST/OBC/EWS representation in education/jobs.

Import Quota: Limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported.

Quota System: Within international bodies like IMF, defines voting power and financial contribution.

Quantum Meruit

A Latin legal term meaning “as much as earned.” Refers to reasonable payment for services rendered when no specific contract exists.

Quantum of Punishment

Refers to the severity or extent of the penalty prescribed by law for a specific offense.

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)

A strategic dialogue among India, USA, Japan, and Australia to ensure a free and open Indo-Pacific region.

Qualitative Easing

Incorrectly used for Quantitative Easing. However, qualitative economic measures refer to non-quantifiable tools like moral suasion, regulatory influence.

Quality Council of India (QCI)

A non-profit autonomous body for quality assurance across industries, established by the Government of India in partnership with CII, FICCI, and ASSOCHAM.

Quality of Life

A broad measure of well-being, including factors like health, education, environment, income, and personal safety.
Important in Human Development Index (HDI) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Quantum Computing

An advanced area of computing based on quantum mechanics, enabling faster problem solving than classical computing—important in UPSC GS-III (Science & Tech).

Quasi-Contract

A legal obligation imposed by law in the absence of an actual contract to prevent unjust enrichment of one party at the expense of another.

Quashing

A legal term referring to the nullification of a lower court order by a higher court. Often used in writs like certiorari.

Question Hour

The first hour of a parliamentary sitting where members ask questions to ministers about the functioning of the government.

Questions of Law vs. Fact

Question of Law: Relates to the interpretation or application of law.

Question of Fact: Involves evidence or facts of the case.

Important in judiciary and administrative law.

Quick Estimates

Preliminary figures released for indicators like national income before final data becomes available.

Quota System in Elections

Proportional representation method used in Rajya Sabha elections and Presidential elections (single transferable vote + quota system).

Quinary Sector

The highest level of economic activity involving decision-making by top-level executives and policymakers.
Example: Government, top education, scientific research heads.

Quasi-Criminal

Offenses that are not criminal per se but have criminal-like consequences (e.g., contempt of court, breach of tax laws).

Quota-Free Regime

A trade environment where there are no import/export quotas; supports free trade.

Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)

A voting procedure used in European Union institutions, often cited in international relations and global governance comparisons.

Quality Circles

Small groups of workers voluntarily formed to identify and resolve work-related problems. Useful in administrative reforms and capacity building.

Quota under Article 15(6)

Constitutional amendment (103rd) allowing 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and public employment.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter R

Rajya Sabha

The upper house of the Indian Parliament, representing states and union territories. Members are elected by state legislatures.

Rabi Crops

Crops sown in winter and harvested in spring. Example: wheat, barley, mustard. Opposite of Kharif crops.

Rabi Season

Agricultural season from October to March in India.

Railway Budget

Formerly a separate budget for the Indian Railways, merged with the Union Budget in 2017 for integrated planning.

Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan

A government scheme to strengthen Panchayati Raj institutions through training and capacity building.

Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY)

A health insurance scheme for BPL families. Now subsumed under Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY).

RBI (Reserve Bank of India)

India’s central bank responsible for monetary policy, regulation of banks, and financial stability.

Real GDP

GDP adjusted for inflation, reflecting actual production growth.

Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act – RERA

Legislation aimed at protecting homebuyers and enhancing transparency in the real estate sector.

Recall (Right to Recall)

A democratic mechanism that allows voters to remove elected representatives before their term ends. Not yet implemented in India at national level.

Recapitalization of Banks

Injecting capital into public sector banks to meet regulatory requirements and support lending capacity.

Recognition of States

In international relations, the formal acceptance of a new state or government’s legitimacy.

Recommendations of the Finance Commission

Suggestions on tax devolution, grants-in-aid, and fiscal consolidation made by a constitutional body (Article 280).

Reconciliation Bill

A financial bill passed to align expenditure with budgetary allocations. Practiced more commonly in countries like the USA.

Reformative Theory of Punishment

The idea that punishment should aim at reforming the offender rather than purely punishing them. Used in criminal jurisprudence.

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)

A major trade agreement among Asia-Pacific nations. India opted out in 2019 citing economic and strategic concerns.

Regionalism

Loyalty to one’s own region over the country, sometimes leading to political demands for autonomy. Can be both positive and disruptive.

Registered Society

A non-profit organization registered under the Societies Registration Act, used for public welfare activities.

Regressive Tax

A tax that takes a larger percentage from low-income groups than from the rich. Example: indirect taxes like GST.

Regulation vs. Deregulation

Regulation: Government control over business or social activities.

Deregulation: Reducing state intervention to allow market forces to operate freely.

Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R)

Compensation, relocation, and social support provided to those displaced due to development projects.

Reinsurance

Insurance purchased by insurance companies to limit their own risks. Important in disaster management financing.

Repatriation

The return of individuals or assets (like profits by MNCs) to their home country.

Repetition in Exams

Concepts that reappear often in UPSC: federalism, fundamental rights, climate change, governance models, and rural development.

Repo Rate

The interest rate at which RBI lends to commercial banks. A key tool of monetary policy.

Reproductive Health

A state of physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters related to the reproductive system. Covered in National Health Policy.

Requisitioning

Government’s power to take temporary possession of private property for public purposes during emergencies.

Reservation Policy

Affirmative action for socially and educationally backward classes in jobs, education, and legislatures.

Residuary Powers

Powers not enumerated in Union, State, or Concurrent Lists lie with the Union Government (Article 248).

Resilience

The capacity to recover from challenges or shocks. Key in climate change adaptation and disaster management.

Resource Curse

Paradox where countries rich in natural resources experience slower economic growth due to poor governance and corruption.

Resource Mobilization

Process of generating financial, human, or natural resources for development. Vital in budgeting and economic planning.

Restorative Justice

A method of justice that focuses on repairing harm through reconciliation with victims and community.

Revenue Deficit

The shortfall when the government’s revenue expenditure exceeds its revenue receipts.

Revenue Neutral Rate (RNR)

A tax rate under GST that maintains the current revenue collection levels of both Centre and States.

Reverse Repo Rate

The interest rate at which RBI borrows from commercial banks—used to absorb liquidity.

Review Petition

A petition to the same court (especially the Supreme Court) seeking review of its own judgment under Article 137.

Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Allows citizens to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights. Called the “heart and soul” of the Constitution by Dr. Ambedkar.

Right to Education (RTE)

A fundamental right under Article 21A ensuring free and compulsory education for children aged 6–14.

Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)

Guarantees equality before the law, prohibits discrimination, and abolishes untouchability and titles.

Right to Fair Compensation Act (LARR, 2013)

Law to regulate land acquisition and ensure fair compensation and rehabilitation to affected people.

Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)

Includes freedom of speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession, and protection in criminal proceedings.

Right to Health

Not an explicit fundamental right, but derived from Article 21 by judicial interpretation.

Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005

Empowers citizens to seek information from public authorities, promoting transparency and accountability.

Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21)

A foundational right interpreted expansively by courts to include right to privacy, shelter, environment, etc.

Right to Privacy

Declared a fundamental right under Article 21 in the Justice K.S. Puttaswamy case (2017).

Right to Work

Enshrined as a Directive Principle of State Policy (Article 41) and operationalized through MGNREGA.

River Interlinking

A proposed large-scale project to connect Indian rivers for water management. Includes Ken-Betwa and Ganga-Cauvery links.

Roadmap for Reforms

A strategic plan outlining reforms in sectors like education, police, judiciary, economy, etc.

Rogers Commission

Referenced in administrative reforms globally. In Indian context, similar commissions exist to assess systemic failures.

Rolling Plan

A planning method where annual plans are revised based on changing needs and feedback, unlike rigid five-year plans.

Rural Development

A multi-sectoral approach to improving quality of life in villages—includes housing, health, sanitation, roads, and employment.

Rural–Urban Migration

Movement of people from villages to cities for better employment or services. Influences urban planning and rural distress debates.

Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF)

Fund maintained by NABARD to support infrastructure development in rural India.

Rule by Law vs. Rule of Law

Rule by Law: Law used as an instrument of authority.

Rule of Law: Law applies equally to all, even the state.

Rule of Law

A constitutional principle that ensures no one is above the law, and justice is administered fairly and uniformly.

Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business

Framework followed in Parliament and State Legislatures to regulate the functioning of sessions.

Run on the Bank

A financial situation where many depositors withdraw funds simultaneously due to fear of insolvency.

Rural Health Statistics

Data collected by the Ministry of Health to assess infrastructure and human resources in rural health facilities.

Rural Employment Guarantee

Concept legislated under MGNREGA for income security and empowerment of rural households.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter S

Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas

A governance mantra emphasizing inclusive development, meaning “Together with all, development for all.”

Satyagraha

Gandhian principle of non-violent resistance or civil disobedience against injustice.

Scheduled Castes (SC)

Communities listed under Article 341 of the Constitution who have historically suffered untouchability and social discrimination.

Scheduled Tribes (ST)

Indigenous communities identified under Article 342 for special protection and development support.

Sedition

An offense under Section 124A of IPC involving incitement of hatred or disaffection towards the government. Under debate for repeal.

Secularism

Constitutional principle under the Preamble and Article 25–28 guaranteeing freedom of religion and separation of state and religion.

Self-Help Group (SHG)

A small voluntary group of individuals from similar socio-economic backgrounds promoting savings and credit.

Self-Reliant India (Atmanirbhar Bharat)

A vision and economic package to boost indigenous production, reduce import dependency, and promote local businesses.

Separation of Powers

Doctrine dividing government functions into three organs—legislature, executive, and judiciary—for checks and balances.

SEZ (Special Economic Zone)

Designated area offering tax and policy incentives to promote exports and industrial development.

Sex Ratio

Number of females per 1,000 males in a population. Indicator of gender equality and social development.

Shadow Banking

Non-banking financial entities performing bank-like activities without regulatory oversight. Examples: NBFCs, chit funds.

Sharable Pool of Taxes

The portion of central tax revenue to be distributed among states as per Finance Commission recommendations.

Sharma Committee

Various committees led by members named Sharma. For instance, the N.K. Sharma Committee on decentralization or water policy.

Shifting Cultivation (Jhum)

A type of slash-and-burn agriculture practiced by tribal groups, especially in northeastern India.

Short-Term Memory in Governance

Refers to policy inconsistency or lack of continuity across governments—important in public administration.

Sick Industrial Company

A company with poor financial health requiring rehabilitation or restructuring. Handled under IBC now.

Sidleys’ Theory

Rare in UPSC, but may refer to administrative thought or ethical theory when used in niche academic papers.

Single Citizenship

Indian Constitution provides for single citizenship (Article 5), unlike federal countries like the USA with dual citizenship.

Single Window Clearance

A system that allows businesses to obtain all required regulatory approvals through a single platform.

Smart Cities Mission

Urban renewal program aiming to make cities sustainable and citizen-friendly through smart technology and infrastructure.

Social Audit

Community-based monitoring and evaluation of public schemes to ensure transparency and accountability.

Social Forestry

Forest management involving community participation. Helps with afforestation and environmental sustainability.

Social Justice

A principle promoting fair treatment of all sections, especially marginalized groups. Central to affirmative action policies.

Social Mobility

Movement of individuals or groups within or between social strata in a society. Indicates economic opportunity.

Social Security

Government programs ensuring income support, healthcare, pensions, etc., for vulnerable sections of society.

Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC)

A survey to identify and classify poor households based on economic and social indicators.

Sovereignty

Supreme authority of a state to govern itself. Mentioned in the Preamble as “Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.”

Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme

A financial instrument issued by the RBI, offering investors interest along with gold price appreciation.

Sovereign Green Bonds

Bonds issued by the government to fund environmentally sustainable projects.

Special Category Status (SCS)

Financial and tax support status once granted to certain states due to their geographical or economic disadvantages. Now discontinued post-Finance Commission reforms.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

Export-oriented zones offering tax incentives and simplified regulations to attract investment.

Special Majority

A majority larger than a simple majority. For constitutional amendments, Article 368 requires a special majority.

Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)

A legal entity created for a specific project, commonly used in infrastructure development and PPPs.

Species Diversity

Variety of species in a given ecosystem. A key indicator in biodiversity conservation.

Speedy Trial

A fundamental right derived from Article 21. Emphasized in judicial reforms.

Stagflation

An economic condition of stagnation combined with inflation—a challenge for monetary policy.

Stakeholders

Individuals or entities affected by or interested in a public policy decision. Important in participatory governance.

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)

A documented process to ensure consistency in administrative and operational execution.

Stand-Up India

A scheme to support SC/ST and women entrepreneurs with loans ranging from ₹10 lakh to ₹1 crore.

Startup India

A flagship initiative aimed at building a strong startup ecosystem and promoting innovation through funding and regulatory easing.

State List

Subjects on which only state legislatures can legislate under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.

State Reorganization Act, 1956

Major reform of India’s internal boundaries based on linguistic lines.

Statehood Demand

Movements demanding separate states based on ethnicity, geography, or development neglect. Example: Gorkhaland, Bodoland.

Statutory Body

An organization created by an Act of Parliament or State Legislature.
Examples: SEBI, UGC, NHRC.

Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)

The minimum percentage of deposits that a bank must maintain in the form of liquid assets—used by RBI as a monetary tool.

Street-Level Bureaucracy

Concept where frontline public service workers (e.g., police, teachers) exercise discretion in policy implementation.

Subsidy

Financial support by the government to reduce the cost of goods/services for the public.
Examples: food subsidy, LPG subsidy.

Subordinate Courts

Courts below the High Courts in the judicial hierarchy, including District and Session Courts.

Substantial Question of Law

A legal standard used by appellate courts to decide if a case merits further review.

Sudden Surge Clause

A policy tool in trade allowing temporary restriction of imports when there’s an unexpected surge.

Sui Generis

A Latin term meaning “of its own kind.” Used in IPR law and constitutional uniqueness (e.g., Indian secularism is sui generis).

Sustainable Development

Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their needs.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

17 global goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to be achieved by 2030, replacing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

A national campaign to eliminate open defecation and improve sanitation. Includes urban and rural components.

Swadhar Greh Scheme

A scheme for rehabilitation of women in difficult circumstances by providing shelter, food, legal aid, and support.

SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds)

A digital platform for online education launched by the Ministry of Education.

Synergy in Governance

Coordination between departments and agencies to achieve better public service outcomes. Highlighted in cooperative federalism.

Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP)

An Election Commission initiative for voter awareness and participation.

Systemic Risk

The risk of collapse of an entire financial system due to interconnectedness—key in banking regulation.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter T

Tablighi Jamaat

An Islamic revivalist movement in the news for public health issues during COVID-19, relevant for governance and communal harmony topics.

Tactical Urbanism

A city-building approach using temporary and low-cost interventions to improve local neighborhoods and public spaces.

Tactical Voting

Voting for a less preferred candidate to prevent a more disliked one from winning. Discussed in political science and electoral behavior.

Tagore Award

An international award for cultural harmony instituted by the Government of India, honoring contributions in promoting peace through culture.

TAN (Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number)

A 10-digit alphanumeric number required for entities deducting tax at source under the Income Tax Act.

TANWA (Tamil Nadu Women in Agriculture)

A model SHG-based initiative empowering women in agriculture—often cited in rural development and women empowerment case studies.

Tariff

A tax on imports or exports. Used as a trade policy instrument to protect domestic industries or generate revenue.

Tax Avoidance vs. Tax Evasion

Avoidance: Legal exploitation of tax loopholes.

Evasion: Illegal concealment of income to avoid paying tax.

Tax Buoyancy

Measures how tax revenues respond to changes in GDP. A key indicator in fiscal policy analysis.

Tax Expenditure

Revenue loss to the government due to tax exemptions, deductions, or incentives provided to promote certain sectors.

Tax-to-GDP Ratio

Ratio of total tax revenue to GDP, reflecting a government’s ability to mobilize domestic resources.

Technology Mission

Focused initiatives to address national problems using science and technology. Example: National Mission on Clean Ganga.

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)

A statutory body regulating telecom services in India, including pricing, competition, and consumer protection.

Telemedicine

Delivery of health services using ICT tools like video consultations. Promoted under eSanjeevani and National Digital Health Mission.

Tenure System

Refers to land tenure or the length of time an officer holds public office. Civil service reforms often discuss fixed tenure.

Term of Office

The legally specified duration a public official serves. Example: President’s term is five years.

Terms of Trade (TOT)

The ratio between a country’s export prices and import prices. Affects a country’s trade balance.

Test of Reasonableness

Judicial principle used to assess whether a law or action is fair and just under Article 14 (Right to Equality).

Theocracy

A form of government where religious leaders rule in the name of a deity. Opposite of Indian secularism.

Third Gender

Official recognition for individuals not identifying as male or female. Legally acknowledged by the Supreme Court in the 2014 NALSA judgment.

Third Party Insurance

Mandatory insurance covering liabilities to third parties in motor accidents. Important in road safety policies.

Three-Language Formula

Education policy suggesting students learn three languages—regional, Hindi, and English. Relevant in language policy debates.

Three-Tier Panchayati Raj

The constitutional structure of rural governance—Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad.

Threshold Limit

A legal or financial limit for regulatory or eligibility purposes.
Example: GST threshold, EWS income cap.

Throwaway Culture

A consumption pattern where products are used briefly and discarded. Discussed in sustainable development and waste management.

Ticket Splitting

Voting for different parties in national and state elections. Relevant in electoral behavior and political analysis.

Time and Cost Overrun

Delay and excess expenditure in projects—important in infrastructure, audit, and public policy evaluation.

Time Use Survey

A survey recording how people spend time across activities. Helps design gender-sensitive policies and assess unpaid work.

Timeline of Indian Freedom Struggle

A chronological account of movements like Revolt of 1857, Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, Quit India—vital for GS Paper I.

Tipping Point (Climate)

A critical threshold beyond which climate change effects become irreversible or self-perpetuating.

Tokenism

Superficial actions taken to give the appearance of inclusiveness or reform without meaningful change. Often discussed in social justice.

Toll Road vs. Freeway

Toll: user pays. Freeway: government-funded. Key topic in PPPs and infrastructure models.

Tort Law

A branch of civil law dealing with compensation for wrongful acts causing harm or injury.
Example: environmental damages, medical negligence.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years. Critical for population policy.

Toxic Positivity

The pressure to remain positive at all times, even during distress—relevant in mental health and ethics discussions.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)

Indigenous knowledge systems about sustainable natural resource management. Protected under biodiversity laws.

Traffic Congestion Index

A data-based indicator to measure urban mobility efficiency. Used in urban planning and smart cities.

Transboundary Pollution

Environmental pollution that crosses national boundaries. Example: haze in Southeast Asia, acid rain in Europe.

Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

Law ensuring rights and protection for transgender persons, including welfare, education, and non-discrimination.

Transfer Pricing

Pricing of goods/services between entities of the same corporate group across borders—regulated to avoid tax manipulation.

Transformational Leadership

A leadership style that inspires and motivates followers to achieve more than expected. Explored in ethics and public administration.

Transitional Justice

Judicial and non-judicial measures to redress human rights abuses during regime change or conflict.

Transparency

A governance principle requiring openness in processes and decision-making. Central to RTI, citizen charters, and e-Governance.

Treasury Bills (T-Bills)

Short-term government securities issued at a discount and redeemed at face value. Managed by RBI.

Treaty

A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states. Example: Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, Paris Agreement.

Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP)

A strategy to allocate plan funds proportionally to the tribal population for focused development.

Triple Talaq

The practice of instant divorce in Islam, now declared unconstitutional and criminalized by the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.

Triple Test in Reservation

A Supreme Court guideline for granting OBC reservations in local bodies: backwardness, inadequate representation, administrative efficiency.

Triple Bottom Line

A sustainability framework evaluating performance on three pillars: People (social), Planet (environmental), and Profit (economic).

TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)

WTO agreement setting global standards for IPR protection. Relevant in pharma, patent, and technology debates.

Tropical Cyclone

A severe storm system characterized by strong winds and heavy rainfall. Names include cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons.

Tropical Rainforest

Dense forests found near the equator with high biodiversity and rainfall. Topics in ecology and conservation.

True Copy vs. Certified Copy

Legal document terms. Certified copy is validated by authority; true copy may be a self-attested replica.

Trust Deficit

A lack of trust between government and citizens or among countries. Appears in IR, ethics, and social movements.

Tsunami

Large sea waves caused by underwater seismic activity. Covered in disaster management.

Tuberculosis (TB)

A bacterial disease targeted by India’s National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP). Important in public health policy.

Turing Test

A test to evaluate whether a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to humans. Used in AI ethics and digital policy.

Turmoil Index (Political)

An informal term indicating instability due to frequent changes in government, policies, or civil unrest.

Turnaround Strategy

A plan to revive a failing organization or PSU by restructuring operations, finances, and management.

Two-Front War

A strategic challenge of simultaneously facing threats from two adversaries, e.g., India’s defense policy regarding China and Pakistan.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter U

UAPA (Unlawful Activities Prevention Act)

A law aimed at preventing unlawful activities and terrorism in India. It gives sweeping powers to designate individuals as terrorists without trial.

UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik)

A regional connectivity scheme to make air travel affordable and accessible by promoting flights to under-served and unserved airports.

Udyog Aadhaar

A unique identification for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to simplify registration and promote ease of doing business.

UIDAI (Unique Identification Authority of India)

A statutory body responsible for issuing Aadhaar numbers to residents of India.

UJALA Scheme

Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All – a government scheme to promote energy-efficient lighting by distributing LED bulbs.

ULIP (Unified Logistics Interface Platform)

A digital platform integrating logistics data across ministries to improve efficiency, tracking, and transparency in freight movement.

Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO)

The individual who ultimately owns or controls a company or asset. Crucial in preventing money laundering and shell companies.

Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP)

Large-scale thermal power projects to meet India’s increasing electricity demand. Part of power sector reforms.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

UN body promoting international collaboration in education, science, and culture. Responsible for World Heritage Sites listing.

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)

International environmental treaty guiding climate negotiations like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement.

UNGA (United Nations General Assembly)

One of the six principal organs of the UN, where all 193 member states have equal voting rights. Discussed in international relations.

UNHRC (United Nations Human Rights Council)

A UN body responsible for promoting and protecting human rights around the globe. India has served multiple terms.

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund)

A UN agency working on child rights, health, education, and protection globally. India collaborates on many schemes with UNICEF.

Universal Adult Franchise

The right of all adult citizens to vote regardless of gender, caste, literacy, or religion. Introduced in India with the 1951 election.

Universal Basic Income (UBI)

A policy proposal to provide all citizens with a regular, unconditional sum of money. Discussed in economic welfare reforms.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

A foundational document adopted by the UN in 1948 outlining basic human rights and freedoms for all individuals.

Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

Ensures all individuals receive the health services they need without financial hardship. India’s Ayushman Bharat aims to achieve UHC.

Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)

A government initiative to immunize children and pregnant women against preventable diseases like measles, TB, and polio.

Unlawful Assembly

A group of five or more persons with a common object that can potentially cause public disorder. Covered under IPC Section 141.

Unorganized Sector

The informal sector of the economy with unregistered units and minimal labor protection. Includes daily wage labor, street vendors.

Unreserved Constituency

An electoral constituency open to candidates from any community, not reserved for SC/ST/OBC categories.

Unsecured Loan

A loan not backed by collateral. Often charged with higher interest due to the higher risk.

Unsolicited Commercial Communication (UCC)

Telemarketing messages or calls sent without consent. Regulated by TRAI under Telecom Commercial Communication Customer Preference Regulations.

Urban Agglomeration

A continuous urban spread constituting a city and its adjoining outgrowths or towns. Significant in urban policy and census.

Urban Cooperative Bank (UCB)

Cooperative banks operating in urban and semi-urban areas, regulated jointly by RBI and State Registrars.

Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)

Institutions of local self-governance in urban areas including Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Nagar Panchayats.

Urban Mobility

The movement of people in urban areas through transportation systems—relevant for Smart Cities and Metro Rail Projects.

Urbanization

The process by which rural areas become urban due to migration, industrialization, or administrative change.

Urgent Bill

A legislative proposal requiring quick approval, often passed without committee review during emergencies.

Uri Attack

A 2016 terrorist attack on an Indian army base in Jammu & Kashmir. It led to India’s surgical strikes—relevant in IR and national security.

Usage-Based Pricing

A pricing model where consumers are charged based on consumption. Applied in utilities like water, electricity, internet.

Usury

Charging excessively high interest on loans. Historically debated in ethics, law, and economic justice.

Utilitarianism

An ethical theory advocating actions that maximize overall happiness or utility. Common in GS Paper IV (Ethics).

Utility Services

Basic public services like electricity, water, sanitation, and transportation provided by the state or private contractors.

UT (Union Territory)

An administrative unit governed directly by the central government. Some UTs like Delhi and Puducherry have legislative assemblies.

Uttarakhand Disaster (2013)

A major cloudburst and flood that caused massive loss of life and infrastructure. Case study in disaster management and climate resilience.

Uttaramerur Inscription

A Chola-era inscription providing details about democratic local governance—cited often in ancient Indian polity.

UTSAV Portal

An online portal launched by the Ministry of Culture for showcasing festivals, cultural events, and heritage sites.

Urban Flooding

Flooding in urban areas due to poor drainage, encroachment on wetlands, and heavy rainfall. Case studies: Chennai, Mumbai.

Urban Heat Island (UHI)

An urban area that is significantly warmer than its rural surroundings due to human activities and infrastructure.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter V

Vaccination

A medical process to provide immunity against diseases using biological preparations. Central to public health and pandemic responses.

Value Added Tax (VAT)

A consumption tax levied at each stage of production based on the value added. Predecessor to GST in India.

Value Chain

The full range of activities required to bring a product from conception to end use. Important in agriculture, industry, and export policy.

Value Education

Education aimed at promoting moral, cultural, and ethical values. Emphasized in the NEP and Ethics Paper (GS IV).

Vande Bharat Express

India’s semi-high-speed train with modern features. Part of railway modernization and Make in India initiatives.

Van Dhan Yojana

A scheme by TRIFED to enhance tribal incomes through value addition of Minor Forest Produce (MFP).

Vanishing Companies

Companies that raise public funds and disappear. A challenge in corporate governance and investor protection.

Vanishing Glacier Theory

Climate concern related to melting Himalayan glaciers, which feed major Indian rivers. Related to water security and climate resilience.

Varnashrama Dharma

The ancient Hindu division of society based on class (varna) and stage of life (ashrama). Discussed in social justice and Indian society.

Vedic Period

The early phase of Indian civilization (1500–500 BCE), marked by Rigveda composition, tribal society, and religious evolution.

Vehicle Scrappage Policy

A policy encouraging phasing out of old and polluting vehicles to reduce emissions and boost auto industry.

Venture Capital

Financing provided to startups and small businesses with high growth potential. Relevant in startup policy and economy.

Verbatim Record

Word-for-word documentation of parliamentary or court proceedings. Used for transparency and official reference.

Vertical Fiscal Imbalance

Mismatch between revenue-raising powers and expenditure responsibilities across levels of government. Addressed via Finance Commission.

Vertical Reservation

Reservation based on social categories such as SC, ST, OBC, and EWS. Contrasted with horizontal reservation (e.g., women, PwD).

Vigilance Commission

Bodies like Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) set up to address corruption and ensure integrity in public administration.

Village Forest Committee (VFC)

Local bodies involved in forest protection and joint forest management under participatory governance models.

Village Industries

Small-scale, rural-based industries supported under schemes like KVIC and MSME policies for rural livelihood.

Village Panchayat

The grassroots unit of rural local self-governance under the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.

Village Swaraj

Gandhi’s vision of self-reliant village republics as the foundation of Indian democracy.

Virtual Currency

Digital forms of currency not regulated by governments. Includes cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. Subject of legal and financial regulation.

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A secure digital network connection that ensures privacy. Relevant in data privacy debates and cybersecurity.

Virtual Reality (VR)

A simulated digital environment for immersive user experiences. Relevant in education, healthcare, and gaming.

Virus

Microscopic pathogens that can replicate only inside living cells. Examples: COVID-19, Zika. Studied under public health.

Visa-Free Travel

Bilateral arrangements allowing citizens of one country to enter another without a visa. Discussed in diplomacy and international agreements.

Vistadome Coaches

Transparent-roof train coaches for tourism promotion. Used in scenic train routes like the Araku Valley.

Vivad se Vishwas Scheme

A dispute resolution scheme by the Ministry of Finance to settle direct tax cases and reduce litigation.

Vigilantism

Taking law into one’s own hands without legal authority. Related to law and order issues, cow protection groups, moral policing.

Village Knowledge Centre

Community-based resource centers for rural development and digital literacy, often part of Digital India initiatives.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Harmful gases emitted from certain solids or liquids, contributing to indoor and outdoor pollution.

Volcanic Eruption

Geological hazard caused by magma discharge. Case studies like Mount Etna or Barren Island used in disaster management.

Volcker Committee Report

A UN report exposing corruption in the Iraq Oil-for-Food Programme, cited in global governance and corruption debates.

Voluntary Disclosure Scheme

A tax scheme allowing individuals to declare undisclosed income/assets and pay due taxes with reduced penalties.

Voluntary Organizations (VOs)

Non-profit groups that operate independently of the government, involved in development, relief, or advocacy work.

Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS)

A program to reduce workforce size in government or PSUs by offering early retirement benefits.

Vote Bank Politics

Political strategy of securing votes by catering to specific community interests. Frequently discussed in electoral reforms and ethics.

Vote on Account

A provision allowing government to meet expenses for a short period (typically 2–4 months) until the full budget is passed.

Voter Turnout

Percentage of eligible voters who cast their votes. Indicator of democratic participation.

Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)

A paper slip generated for every vote cast using EVMs to verify and audit the voter’s choice.

Voting Rights

The right of every eligible citizen to vote in elections. Protected under Representation of the People Act, 1951.

Vulnerability Index

A measure used in disaster management and climate change to assess the exposure and capacity of populations to withstand shocks.

Vulture Capitalism

A derogatory term for investors who profit from failing companies. Discussed in ethics and economic reforms.

Vyapam Scam

A major examination and recruitment scam in Madhya Pradesh. Cited in governance failure and corruption case studies.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter W

Wages Code, 2019

Part of the Labour Code reform; consolidates laws on minimum wages, payment of wages, bonus, and equal remuneration.

Waqf

An endowment made by Muslims for religious, educational, or charitable purposes. Governed by the Waqf Act, 1995 and administered by Waqf Boards.

War Crime

Serious violations of international humanitarian law during armed conflict. Tried in International Criminal Court (ICC).

Welfare Economics

A branch of economics evaluating policies based on their impact on social welfare and resource distribution.

Welfare State

A state that actively promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens through legislation and schemes.

Westminster Model

A system of parliamentary democracy based on the British model, featuring cabinet responsibility, bicameralism, and constitutional monarchy (or President).

Whip

A directive issued by political parties to ensure party discipline during voting in the legislature.

Whistleblower

A person who exposes wrongdoing or corruption in government or private entities. Protected under the Whistleblower Protection Act, 2014.

White Paper

An authoritative government report outlining policy proposals, usually published before introducing a bill.

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

A key environmental law in India for the protection of wild animals, birds, and plants.

Wildlife Sanctuary

A protected area declared for the conservation of wildlife and biodiversity with minimal human activity.

Wilful Defaulter

A borrower who fails to repay a loan despite having the capacity to pay. Monitored closely by RBI.

Windfall Tax

A tax levied by the government on unexpected or excessive profits made by companies, often in oil or gas sectors.

Women Empowerment

Enabling women to have control over their lives, rights, and access to education, health, employment, and political participation.

Women’s Reservation Bill

A proposed constitutional amendment to reserve 33% of seats in Parliament and state legislatures for women (now passed in 2023 as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam).

Women Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

Groups formed by women for collective savings and livelihood support. Core to rural empowerment schemes like NRLM.

Working Group (Planning)

Expert committees formed under the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) to draft sectoral plans and strategies.

Working Journalists Act, 1955

Provides regulation of conditions of service for working journalists. Important in media policy and freedom of press discussions.

World Bank

A global financial institution providing loans and grants for development. India is one of its largest borrowers.

World Economic Forum (WEF)

An international NGO hosting annual meetings at Davos, bringing together political and business leaders to discuss global issues.

World Food Programme (WFP)

A UN agency that addresses hunger and food security. It won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020.

World Heritage Site

Cultural or natural sites recognized by UNESCO for their universal value. Examples: Taj Mahal, Kaziranga, Hampi.

World Health Organization (WHO)

A UN agency responsible for international public health. Played a central role during COVID-19.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An international body regulating global trade and resolving trade disputes. India is an active member.

World Wide Web (WWW)

A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet. Critical in digital governance and cyber laws.

Work Culture

Attitudes and behaviors influencing workplace ethics and productivity. Often covered in GS Paper IV (Ethics).

Work-Life Balance

The equilibrium between personal and professional responsibilities—important for administrative ethics and mental well-being.

Working Capital

The difference between current assets and current liabilities. Indicates the liquidity of a business or institution.

Working Stress Method (WSM)

An engineering term used in civil structures. Occasionally referenced in infrastructure or project management questions.

Worker Participation in Management

Involvement of workers in decision-making at the workplace. Discussed under labor reforms and industrial relations.

Working Age Population

The section of the population between 15–64 years considered economically productive.

World Happiness Report

An annual publication ranking countries by happiness levels. India’s performance here is often debated in development discourse.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

A UN body dealing with weather, climate, and water resources. Supports early warning systems and disaster preparedness.

World Press Freedom Index

Released by Reporters Without Borders, it evaluates freedom of the press globally. India’s ranking is often debated.

World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS)

Annual conference organized by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) discussing global sustainability challenges.

WTO Dispute Settlement Body

The WTO mechanism for resolving trade disputes between member countries.

Welfare Schemes

Government programs targeting the social and economic upliftment of the poor and vulnerable.
Examples: PM-KISAN, Ujjwala Yojana, PMAY.

Wetlands

Ecologically sensitive ecosystems covered under the Ramsar Convention. India has several Ramsar-listed wetlands.

Writ Jurisdiction

The authority of High Courts and the Supreme Court under Articles 32 and 226 to issue writs (Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, etc.).

WTO TRIPS Agreement

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights – sets minimum standards for IPR protection among WTO members.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter X

X-Chromosome

One of the two sex chromosomes in humans. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one X and one Y chromosome.

Xenobiotic

A chemical compound (such as a drug or pollutant) that is foreign to a biological system.

Xenophobia

An irrational fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers. Often results in exclusionary or discriminatory behavior.

Xenotransplantation

The transplantation of organs, tissues, or cells between different species, such as animal-to-human organ transplants.

Xeriscaping

Landscaping method designed to reduce or eliminate the need for irrigation, using drought-resistant plants.

Xerophytes

Plants adapted to dry environments, commonly found in deserts and arid regions.

X-Ray Crystallography

A scientific method used to determine the molecular and atomic structure of a crystal.

X-Ray Technology

A diagnostic imaging tool widely used in healthcare and security.

Xenotransgenics

Organisms that contain genes introduced from a different species (especially across kingdoms).

X-Axis

The horizontal axis in data graphs and charts. Used to plot independent variables.

Xenon

A rare noble gas used in spacecraft propulsion, high-intensity lighting, and medical imaging.

Xerography

A dry photocopying technique widely used in printers and copiers.

X-Linked Genetic Disorders

Disorders caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome, such as hemophilia and color blindness.

Xenolith

A fragment of rock embedded in another type of rock, often found in igneous formations.

X-Factor (in Essays or Ethics)

A metaphorical expression used to describe a unique or intangible quality that contributes to success or innovation.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter Y

Yamuna Action Plan

A centrally sponsored scheme launched in 1993 for cleaning and rejuvenating the Yamuna River.

Yatra

A journey or pilgrimage, often used in political, religious, and social mobilization.

Y-Chromosome

The male sex-determining chromosome in humans. Men have one X and one Y chromosome.

Y-Generation (Gen Y or Millennials)

People born between the early 1980s and mid-1990s to early 2000s.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalist and biased journalism intended to attract attention or sway public opinion.

Yield Curve

A graph showing the relationship between interest rates and the time to maturity of debt.

Yield per Acre

The amount of crop harvested per unit of land area.

Yoga

An ancient Indian practice combining physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines.

Youth Bulge

A demographic pattern where a large share of the population is comprised of young people.

Youth Parliament

An initiative to simulate parliamentary procedures and promote awareness among students about democratic practices.

Youth Policy

Policies focused on education, employment, skills, and engagement of youth in nation-building.

Yojana (Planning)

A Hindi word meaning “scheme” or “plan.” Commonly used in names of development programs.

Yamuna River

A major tributary of the Ganga, flowing through key cities like Delhi and Agra.

Yuan

The official currency of China.

Yuan Diplomacy

China’s economic diplomacy through investments and financial aid to increase geopolitical influence.

Yaws Eradication

A public health achievement where India was declared yaws-free by WHO in 2016.

Yellow Revolution

A movement to increase oilseed production in India, especially mustard and sunflower.

Youth-Led Development

A development model that actively engages youth in designing and implementing policies or projects.

Yamuna Expressway

A high-speed road infrastructure project connecting Delhi and Agra.

Yen

The currency of Japan, often referred to in foreign exchange markets and trade statistics.

Glossary for IAS/UPSC – Letter Z

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF)

A method of chemical-free agriculture using traditional Indian practices, emphasizing no external input costs.

Zero Hour

The time immediately following the Question Hour in Parliament where members can raise urgent matters without prior notice.

Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB)

A budgeting approach where every expense must be justified from scratch, rather than referring to past budgets.

Zero Effect Zero Defect (ZED)

A government initiative promoting manufacturing that has no negative environmental impact and meets high quality standards.

Zero Hunger Challenge

A global campaign launched by the UN to eliminate hunger and malnutrition by promoting sustainable food systems.

Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV)

A vehicle that emits no exhaust gas or pollutants from the onboard source of power, like electric vehicles.

Zonal Councils

Statutory bodies created to promote cooperation among states and between the Centre and states in each of India’s five zones.

Zone of Peace

A geographic area declared free of military activity and conflict, often proposed in international diplomacy.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A concept in educational psychology referring to the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with guidance.

Zoonosis

Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, such as COVID-19, bird flu, and rabies.

Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)

A premier Indian organization for conducting surveys, research, and conservation of animal species.

Zamindari System

A land revenue system during British rule where zamindars collected rent from peasants and paid a fixed amount to the government.

Zila Parishad

The highest tier of the Panchayati Raj system at the district level, responsible for district-level planning and development.

Zakat

A form of obligatory almsgiving in Islam, considered one of the five pillars of the religion.

Zone of Peace and Cooperation of the South Atlantic (ZPCSA)

A regional grouping to promote peace and cooperation among South Atlantic countries.

Zebra Mussels

An invasive aquatic species that disrupts water ecosystems and infrastructure.

Zone of Saturation

A layer in the ground where all the pores are filled with water, significant in understanding groundwater resources.

Zoji La Pass

A strategic mountain pass in the Himalayas connecting Ladakh with Kashmir Valley.

Zero-Day Vulnerability

A security flaw unknown to the software vendor, which can be exploited by hackers before it is patched.

Zinc Deficiency

A nutritional disorder leading to impaired immune function and growth, addressed through public health interventions.

Conclusion

Mastering UPSC vocabulary isn’t about rote learning it’s about understanding the context, application, and relevance of key terms across papers and stages. This A–Z glossary empowers aspirants to interpret questions better, write enriched answers, and confidently face interviews. Whether you’re a beginner looking to get familiar with UPSC language or an advanced aspirant polishing your concepts, this glossary serves as a one-stop resource to reinforce your civil services preparation journey.

Keep revisiting this glossary as you progress it’s not just a tool for quick revision but a companion in your journey toward becoming a civil servant.